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Charged Particles
Charged Particles

... CHALLENGE 7 (VELOCITY FILTER) One interesting use of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields is as a velocity filter. A velocity filter permits particles (in this case electrons) which are traveling a certain speed to go straight through but deflects particles traveling at any different speed. Y ...
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... This 2-houers exam consists of twenty six multiple-choice questions. The questions on this test are not in order of difficulty. You must mark all of your answers on both your test and the answer sheet. In marking the multiple choice bubble sheet use a number 2 pencil. Do not use ink. If you did not ...
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... is applied in the y direction. If the charge carriers are positive, the magnetic force deflects them in the z direction. Positive charge accumulates on the top surface of the sample and negative charge on the bottom surface, creating a downward electric field. In equilibrium, the downward electric ...
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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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