The evolution of the magnetic structures in electron phase‐ space
... can last for thousands of electron plasma periods [Wu et al., 2010]. The simulation results can explain the Polar and Fast observations in the auroral region, where the parallel cut of E? is measured to have unipolar structures in electron holes [Ergun et al., 1998a, 1998b; Franz et al., 1998, 2005; ...
... can last for thousands of electron plasma periods [Wu et al., 2010]. The simulation results can explain the Polar and Fast observations in the auroral region, where the parallel cut of E? is measured to have unipolar structures in electron holes [Ergun et al., 1998a, 1998b; Franz et al., 1998, 2005; ...
21 - Landerson.net
... The magnetic properties of many materials are explained in terms of a model in which an electron is said to spin on its axis much like a top does. (This classical description should not be taken literally. The property of electron spin can be understood only with the methods of quantum mechanics.) T ...
... The magnetic properties of many materials are explained in terms of a model in which an electron is said to spin on its axis much like a top does. (This classical description should not be taken literally. The property of electron spin can be understood only with the methods of quantum mechanics.) T ...
THE BELTRAMI STRUCTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
... of the Beltrami equation {11}. The latter was first applied in hydrodynamics, and is useful in several subject areas that include magnetohydrodynamics, aerodynamics, cosmology and as shown in recent papers {1 - 10}, electromagnetism and gravitation. The background notes for this paper (UFT258 on www ...
... of the Beltrami equation {11}. The latter was first applied in hydrodynamics, and is useful in several subject areas that include magnetohydrodynamics, aerodynamics, cosmology and as shown in recent papers {1 - 10}, electromagnetism and gravitation. The background notes for this paper (UFT258 on www ...
Knight_32_magnetism_..
... involve a constant of nature. Both depend on the "unit vector" that points FROM the source of the field (the charge, or moving charge) TO the point in space where you'd like to know the resulting field. ) The hard part about Biot-Savart is that "cross product". I hope you remember that from a math c ...
... involve a constant of nature. Both depend on the "unit vector" that points FROM the source of the field (the charge, or moving charge) TO the point in space where you'd like to know the resulting field. ) The hard part about Biot-Savart is that "cross product". I hope you remember that from a math c ...
2015 Red River Valley Undergraduate Physics
... superconductor is a material which below a certain critical temperature exhibits properties such as zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields. The complete expulsion of the magnetic field from the inside of a superconductor is known and the Meissner effect. This computational resea ...
... superconductor is a material which below a certain critical temperature exhibits properties such as zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields. The complete expulsion of the magnetic field from the inside of a superconductor is known and the Meissner effect. This computational resea ...
Transformer Explanation
... an inquisitive teenager - and I have a whole class load of 'em. If I were explaining this to an undergraduate uni student rather than a high school student, I would be using an explanation containing the concepts of AC circuit theory, such as impedance, inductance, phase shift and so on. Here's my a ...
... an inquisitive teenager - and I have a whole class load of 'em. If I were explaining this to an undergraduate uni student rather than a high school student, I would be using an explanation containing the concepts of AC circuit theory, such as impedance, inductance, phase shift and so on. Here's my a ...
test particle energization by current sheets and nonuniform fields in
... is directly related to small-scale fluctuations of the magnetic field, and so the anisotropy at these scales is clearly visible. The right panel shows the current density Jz in an x-y cross section and the perpendicular magnetic field vector bx x̂ þ by ŷ in the same section, with arrows superposed ...
... is directly related to small-scale fluctuations of the magnetic field, and so the anisotropy at these scales is clearly visible. The right panel shows the current density Jz in an x-y cross section and the perpendicular magnetic field vector bx x̂ þ by ŷ in the same section, with arrows superposed ...
Assignment 15 Electricity and Water Analogy
... Learning Goal: To understand the analogy between water pressure, water flow, voltage, and current As suggested by the fact that we call both currents, the flow of charged particles through an electrical circuit is analogous in some ways to the flow of water through a pipe. When water flows from a sm ...
... Learning Goal: To understand the analogy between water pressure, water flow, voltage, and current As suggested by the fact that we call both currents, the flow of charged particles through an electrical circuit is analogous in some ways to the flow of water through a pipe. When water flows from a sm ...
Circuit Components Lesson 4
... A short circuit can be caused by incoming power wires (wires that are normally insulated and kept separate) coming in contact with each other. Since a circuit usually has resistance, and the power wires that "short out" have very little resistance, the current will tend to flow through the path of l ...
... A short circuit can be caused by incoming power wires (wires that are normally insulated and kept separate) coming in contact with each other. Since a circuit usually has resistance, and the power wires that "short out" have very little resistance, the current will tend to flow through the path of l ...
Cluster observations of an ion-scale current sheet in the magnetotail
... UT on 17 August 2003 in the X-Y plane (Figure 1a), the X-Z plane (Figure 1c), and the Y-Z plane (Figure 1c) in geomagnetic solar magnetospheric (GSM) coordinates. Unless noted otherwise, we use GSM for the following discussions. Cluster was located at X = 16, Y = 5, Z = 3 RE with a tetrahedron sca ...
... UT on 17 August 2003 in the X-Y plane (Figure 1a), the X-Z plane (Figure 1c), and the Y-Z plane (Figure 1c) in geomagnetic solar magnetospheric (GSM) coordinates. Unless noted otherwise, we use GSM for the following discussions. Cluster was located at X = 16, Y = 5, Z = 3 RE with a tetrahedron sca ...
Hall Effect Measurements Essential for Characterizing High Carrier
... materials with high carrier mobility, which is what’s sparked much of the interest in graphene. This one-atom-thick form of carbon exhibits the quantum Hall effect and, as a result, relativistic electron current flow. Researchers consider Hall effect measurements crucial to the future of the electro ...
... materials with high carrier mobility, which is what’s sparked much of the interest in graphene. This one-atom-thick form of carbon exhibits the quantum Hall effect and, as a result, relativistic electron current flow. Researchers consider Hall effect measurements crucial to the future of the electro ...
t - POLITesi
... Due to many technological reasons, that are recalled and discussed here, liquid cooling systems did not reach commercial development so far. This work aims at boosting research in order to overcome these problems, by presenting a new high-potential concept for blade cooling with liquid metals as coo ...
... Due to many technological reasons, that are recalled and discussed here, liquid cooling systems did not reach commercial development so far. This work aims at boosting research in order to overcome these problems, by presenting a new high-potential concept for blade cooling with liquid metals as coo ...
Generation of Magnetic Fields by Fluid Motion
... probably as old as the Earth itself, and further that, although the main dipole field exhibits random rapid reversals, a phenomenon reviewed by Bullard (1968), it remains at least quasi-steady between reversals for periods up to order 106 years, i.e., one or two orders of magnitude greater than the ...
... probably as old as the Earth itself, and further that, although the main dipole field exhibits random rapid reversals, a phenomenon reviewed by Bullard (1968), it remains at least quasi-steady between reversals for periods up to order 106 years, i.e., one or two orders of magnitude greater than the ...
Lab 3: Electric Fields II
... Gravity, you remember, is not a force that acts when two objects touch. It is a force that seems to act over a distance. Physicists have never been happy with the idea of “action-at-a-distance.” Rather, they prefer to think about a gravitational field that is created by one object, like the sun. The ...
... Gravity, you remember, is not a force that acts when two objects touch. It is a force that seems to act over a distance. Physicists have never been happy with the idea of “action-at-a-distance.” Rather, they prefer to think about a gravitational field that is created by one object, like the sun. The ...
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.