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Nr 1. The presence of red cell casts in a patient with hematuria is
Nr 1. The presence of red cell casts in a patient with hematuria is

... B. replace enalapril with calcium channel blocker when she becomes pregnant. C. replace enalapril with calcium channel blocker or methyldopa before she becomes pregnant, and, if possible, stop hydrochlorothiazide or replace it with another diuretic (e.g. dihydralazine or methyldopa). D. replace enel ...
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System

... impulses throughout the heart to contract orderly and sequentially (In other words, the heart does not depend on the nervous system in order to contract. The contractile property is a function of the heart muscle itself) 8. Innervation – although the heart sets its own pace, the autonomic nervous sy ...
Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

... 2. Variations in Blood Pressure a. Blood pressure cycles over a 24-hour period b. BP peaks in the morning due to waxing and waning levels of retinoic acid c. Extrinsic factors such as age, sex, weight, race, mood, posture, socioeconomic status, and physical activity may also cause BP to vary 3. Alte ...
Cardiovascular System PPT
Cardiovascular System PPT

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Autonomic Nervous System and Sensory Receptors
Autonomic Nervous System and Sensory Receptors

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Coronary Artery Disease:
Coronary Artery Disease:

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Cardiovascular System
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Circulatory System Part 2
Circulatory System Part 2

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objectives from medical physiology

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Uric Acid, Left Ventricular Mass Index, and Risk of

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Mean Arterial Pressure
Mean Arterial Pressure

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Mean Arterial Pressure - Beck-Shop
Mean Arterial Pressure - Beck-Shop

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SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

... monitoring of serum potassium and creatinine levels should be considered. There is limited experience in patients with very severe or end-stage renal impairment (ie, creatinine <15 ml/min1.73 m2 BSA). In these patients Atacand ® should be carefully titrated with thorough monitoring of blood pressure ...
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New Options for Atrial Fibrillation Patients with

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The Body`s Transport System
The Body`s Transport System

... products away from cells. In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease. • The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels. • Blood carries oxygen and other needed materials to all of the body’s cells. Blood also pic ...
Cardiovascular System Test - YISS-Anatomy2010-11
Cardiovascular System Test - YISS-Anatomy2010-11

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Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

... to hypoventilation these patients develop hypercapnia and hypoxemia but lack the normal ventilatory responses to overcome these conditions while asleep. However, while awake they do have the ability to consciously alter the rate and depth of breathing. While sleeping, these children will have shallo ...
blood pressure and exercise
blood pressure and exercise

... and recoil of arteries, measured as diastole (see Figure 1). The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressures is called the pulse pressure. This is the throbbing pulsation, or pulse, in an artery during systole. The flexible, elastic arteries are expanded by the blood being forced int ...


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LABEL: Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Mitral
LABEL: Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Mitral

... left atrium - the left upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein. left ventricle - the left lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. mitral valve - the valve between the left atrium and the left vent ...
Circulation and Transport U·l
Circulation and Transport U·l

... Circulation in the earthworm (closed system) The earthworm has five pairs of specialized blood vessels on each side of the digestive system near the mouth. The earthworm has a closed circulatory system because the blood is always contained within blood vessels. As the 10 pumping blood vessels contra ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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