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The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System

... Blood Flow Through the Heart • Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right atrium • From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle • From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pu ...
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Antiarrhythmic drugs

... others ...
Circulatory System 2013-2014
Circulatory System 2013-2014

... (a serous membrane that covers the heart) •outermost, protective layer of the heart. •Between the parietal pericardium (sac that surrounds the heart) and this layer, there is a space called the ...
1035_Schroedter_OC13B2
1035_Schroedter_OC13B2

... What makes the blood go round? The Heart ?? • The primary energy that drives blood flow is ELASTIC RECOIL produced by volume filling of the vessels • ≈ 25-30% of blood volume “stretches” the vessel wall – referred to as stressed volume – only this volume percentage is important for flow but the rem ...
Blood Vessels - cloudfront.net
Blood Vessels - cloudfront.net

... the brain. Without oxygen, the brain cannot survive longer than just a few minutes. So these arteries in the neck are very important. Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation ...
Unit 8 Notes
Unit 8 Notes

... • Congestive Heart Failure – The heart muscle is weakened (due to CHD, ...
Right Ventricular Failure in Patients With Preserved Ejection
Right Ventricular Failure in Patients With Preserved Ejection

... presentation. From our experience, we tensin-converting enzyme (ACE) aldosterone antagonist (eplerenone) propose that patients with RV failure inhibitors or angiotensin receptor has been shown to have an additive can be classified into 3 stages. This stag- blockers (ARBs) compared with effect in red ...
Frank-Starling “Law of the Heart”
Frank-Starling “Law of the Heart”

... SKELETAL MUSCLE - Motor Units - Stimulated by Motor Nerves ...
Cardiovascular 22 – Heart Valve Disease
Cardiovascular 22 – Heart Valve Disease

File
File

... ♦ The blood makes up about onethirteenth of the body’s weight. ♦ The adult heart weighs about 280 grams (10 oz.) ♦ At rest, the heart pumps out about 80 millimeters (2.6 oz) of blood with each beat. ♦ The heart beats, on average, 70 times each minute at rest. ♦ This means all the blood is circulated ...
Pig Heart Dissection
Pig Heart Dissection

... separates the right & left pumping ventricles from each other. Inside the right ventricle, locate the pulmonary artery that carries blood away from this chamber. Find the one-way valve called the pulmonary valve that controls blood flow away from the right ventricle at the entrance to this blood ves ...
WORD - Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care
WORD - Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care

... suitable medicines from each class are shown in Table 1. If one or more of these medicine classes is not prescribed for the patient on discharge then the medication regimen can only be deemed as “appropriate” if there is a documented reason in the patient’s discharge summary for omission of that cla ...
Pheochromocytoma Presenting As Acute Myocardial Infarction
Pheochromocytoma Presenting As Acute Myocardial Infarction

... promote platelet aggregation. The myocardial stunning like phenomenon during pheochromocytoma crisis has also been reported. The myocardial regional wall motion abnormality is often reversible as in our case. Anti-ischemic therapy with β-blockers can be detrimental before establishing α-receptor blo ...
No Harm for the Heart
No Harm for the Heart

... daytime blood pressures and was calculated for both systolic and diastolic values. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check that the parameters were distributed normally. Linear correlations were then calculated between (1) the white coat effect and age, weight, and office and ambulatory heart ...
Therapeutic Options: FOCUS ON PRIMARY PREVENTION OF
Therapeutic Options: FOCUS ON PRIMARY PREVENTION OF

... have an increased prevalence of other major stroke risk factors, including hypertension and dyslipidemia.1 Accordingly, appropriate management of high blood pressure and abnormal lipid levels is recommended (see Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, above). For hypertension, angiotensin-converting enzyme i ...
Diastolic Heart Failure:
Diastolic Heart Failure:

... arrest or hospitalization for the management of heart failure. • Secondary endpoints include all-cause mortality, new onset of diabetes mellitus or atrial fibrillation, and quality of life. ...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System

... deoxygenated venous blood (venous return) from all peripheral tissues by way of the superior and inferior venae cavae and from the heart muscle by way of the coronary sinus. Most of this venous return flows passively from the right atrium, through the opened tricuspid valve, and to the right ventric ...
Practical Management of Asymptomatic PVC
Practical Management of Asymptomatic PVC

... • Ventricular ectopic beats are frequently seen in  clinical practice and are usually benign • Presence of heart disease should be sought and, if  absent, indicate good prognosis in patients with VEBs • There is not clear evidence that caffeine restriction is  efficacy in reducing VEBs but patients  ...
Anatomy Review: The Heart
Anatomy Review: The Heart

... This assignment is worth a maximum of two (2) points **See the gserianne.com Web site for due dates 1. Cardiopulmonary Circulation -- Draw a diagram or pathway showing how blood returns to the heart from the body, how it goes THROUGH the heart, how it gets to the lungs, and how it gets back to the h ...
How does the heart work? What is cardiomyopathy? What causes
How does the heart work? What is cardiomyopathy? What causes

... heart muscle is no exception. This expansion is called hypertrophy. Some relatively common diseases of cats force the heart muscle to work harder. Older cats with diseases of the thyroid gland or kidneys may develop HCM because of high blood pressure. The disease is much more common in some breeds, ...
14-2
14-2

... Valve Function Review ...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

... concentration correlates better than the dose with the drug effect • Is important when – the dose cannot be titrated against response eg INR, cholesterol – the drug is being used to prevent infrequent occurrences eg epilepsy ...
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

... to help the heart and lungs function more efficiently. What is the surgical repair for hypoplastic left heart syndrome? The surgical approach to HLHS is directed toward using the one good ventricle to do the work that is normally done by two ventricles, and to separate the "blue" or pulmonary circul ...
Haemodynamic disturbances
Haemodynamic disturbances

... a- mural thrombi in the left ventricle following M.I ...
Cardiac Output and Distribution of Blood Volume in - Heart
Cardiac Output and Distribution of Blood Volume in - Heart

... and peripheral resistance (Page and McCubbin, 1965). Some, additionally, have investigated regional distribution of blood flow and vascular resistances, whereas only a few, dealing with circulation in the extremities, were designed to provide information about the venous segment of the circulation ( ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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