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Medicine - pulmonery hyperten - Acapulco-Vet
Medicine - pulmonery hyperten - Acapulco-Vet

... The ability of the right ventricle (RV) to increase its wall thickness in response to a pressure overload is greater in the foetus and in early life. This is probably because the myocardium can thicken through both hypertrophy (increased cell size) and hyperplasia (increased cell number). As a resul ...
Circulation The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood
Circulation The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood

... strength and number. However, all subsequent pregnancies  would be at great risk. That is why you must act now to prevent  your immune system from being exposed to Rh­positive blood. CONSEQUENCES OF HDFN FOR UNPROTECTED  BABIES If your immune system is not held in check by a product such  as RhoGAM® ...
saturation of mixed venous blood from caval samples
saturation of mixed venous blood from caval samples

... that blood flow in the superior vena cava is approximately half that in the inferior vena cava (Wexler et al., I968). This supports the suggestion that any formula estimating mixed venous blood from caval samples should at least include a sample from the inferior vena cava either averaging it with t ...
Stent Placement in a Coronary Artery
Stent Placement in a Coronary Artery

... The cardiologist may see that the artery has not opened sufficiently. In such cases, one or more stents may be placed inside the artery; one or more arteries may need to be treated with multiple stents. When the stent is placed, an anti-clotting drug is usually given to reduce the risk of blood clot ...
7: Assessment of cardiac output and peripheral pulse
7: Assessment of cardiac output and peripheral pulse

... This simplification is very helpful, because in reality the arterial concentration is not constant (Figure 7.2c, cf. 7.2b) – but we can still measure the area under the curve.The concentration rises to a peak, after which it decays exponentially, because the ventricle only ejects about two-thirds of ...
Notes Chapter 47 Circulatory Systems
Notes Chapter 47 Circulatory Systems

... Most of the cells in the human body are not in direct contact with the external environment. The circulatory system acts as a transport service for these cells. Two fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The ly ...
Therapy of CHF, Outline Slides
Therapy of CHF, Outline Slides

...  Edema in older populations is more sensitive, less specific ...
Cardiomyopaties
Cardiomyopaties

... Diastolic filling is impaired because of the incomplete relaxation and compliance of the LV. Hypertrophic LV empties most of its content in the first half of systole. (Hyperdynamic systolic function”). Mitral anterior leaflet is displaced towards septum during mid systole and this causes obstruction ...
Innocent Murmurs
Innocent Murmurs

... caused by errors in the development of the heart while the child is still in the womb. The heart starts out as a single tube and, during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, divides into four chambers and forms four major valves. If an error or errors occur during this process, a congenital heart def ...
Heart failure subjects among Africans: Any contributions from
Heart failure subjects among Africans: Any contributions from

... Social Sciences 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 62.1 ± 13.7 years. There were 57 females (44.2%). Possible CAD was identified in 18 (13.95%) of study participants and they were more likely to be significantly older, had a lower ejection fra ...
The circulatory system transports materials.
The circulatory system transports materials.

... Each red blood cell has special proteins on its surface. One group of surface proteins determines blood type. There are two blood-type proteins, A and B. A person whose blood cells have the A proteins has type A blood. One with cells having B proteins has type B blood. Some people have both proteins ...
Vasovagal reactions may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation
Vasovagal reactions may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation

... Patients with ortbctapic heart transplantation undenvent bead-up tilt testing to attempt to induce vasovagal reactions. In addition. native and donor sinus node responses to vagal maoeuvers were assessed. Recording of P waves after wtkotoptc beari (ransp$nLp tion. During parasympathetic testingand t ...
Hypothermia and Frostbite 1 CE - UH EMS
Hypothermia and Frostbite 1 CE - UH EMS

... (which is a major source of compensatory heat production) no longer occurs when the body temperature falls below 30 to 32 degrees C. As opposed to the physiological changes which occur in mild hypothermia (increase in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output), with severe hypothermia there is d ...
The pathogenesis of arterial stiffness and its prognostic value in
The pathogenesis of arterial stiffness and its prognostic value in

... cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease36,37, and of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients38. In the latter study patients that were on antihypertensive treatment with amlodipine/perindopril had lower central aortic pressure and PP compared with patie ...
View Full Page PDF - Advances in Physiology Education
View Full Page PDF - Advances in Physiology Education

... accumulation of red blood cells in the flowing blood (8). During laminar flow through a tube or blood vessel, the concentric layers of plasma shearing against each other impart a spin on the red blood cell when it is caught between two layers. This pushes the red blood cell toward the center of the ...
Left ventricular volumes and hemodynamic responses to
Left ventricular volumes and hemodynamic responses to

... blood pressure elevations, based on findings using postexercise circulatory occlusion (8). During postexercise circulatory occlusion there is no volitional effort to initiate muscle contraction; however, because of an accumulation of metabolites within the working muscle, there is activation of the ...
PowerPoint - 埼玉医科大学総合医療センター 内分泌・糖尿病内科
PowerPoint - 埼玉医科大学総合医療センター 内分泌・糖尿病内科

... significant Q wave on a standard 12-lead ECG as defined by the ECG Central Reading Center, and at least one of: 1. Typical symptoms (e.g., typical ischemic chest pain for less than 20 minutes), or 2. Significant elevation of serum enzymes – presence of any one of the following criteria: a) elevation ...
An Introduction To Blood Pressure
An Introduction To Blood Pressure

... Demonstration: Select two students. Record their blood pressure and pulse rate. The first student will hold his arms directly above his head. The second student will hold two books above his head, one book on each hand. Select two other students to act as recorders to determine how long the students ...
Right ventricular contractility in systemic sclerosis-associated and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Right ventricular contractility in systemic sclerosis-associated and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

... between P̄RV and SVI. These variables were obtained using standard right heart catheterisation and Fick CO measurements. Lower values were found for P̄RV in the SScPAH group than in the IPAH group, whereas SVIs were not significantly different. Analysis of the arterial system in terms of PVR and tot ...


... 65 yrs [8, 9]. We estimate that the major symptom in one third of these patients is hypersomnia. Upper airway obstruction during sleep induces central nervous activation, the so-called arousal, which is usually not noticed by the patient (fig. 1). The more severe the sleep fragmentation, the more li ...
Mechanical Properties of the Heart Contractility Cardiac Cycle
Mechanical Properties of the Heart Contractility Cardiac Cycle

... shorten independent of changes in load or heart rate  Increased contractility  Means a greater rate of contraction to reach a higher peak of ...
Flecainide - The Heart of AF
Flecainide - The Heart of AF

... study was designed to investigate whether medications such as Flecainide could be given to patients who had suffered a heart attack and improve their survival. In 1989 the part of the study looking at Flecainide was stopped as it appeared that taking the medication reduced rather than improved survi ...
ACLS Drug Therapy
ACLS Drug Therapy

... ♦ VF/Pulseless VT ♦ Asystole ♦ PEA ♦ Can replace 1st or 2nd dose of EPI Also used for hemodynamic support in Septic Shock ...
Atrial Fibrillation: Beyond Primary Care
Atrial Fibrillation: Beyond Primary Care

... Clinical Consequences of AF ♥ Arrhythmia-associated symptoms: palpitations, dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue ♥ Reduction in LV function, exercise tolerance, and QOL ♥ Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy and CHF ♥ 2-fold ↑ in cardiac mortality ♥ 5-fold ↑ in risk of stroke ♥ Over 75,000 AF-str ...
What is low blood pressure
What is low blood pressure

... Medications such as calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and digoxin (Lanoxin) can slow the rate at which the heart contracts. Some elderly people are extremely sensitive to these medications since they are more likely to have diseased SA nodes and electrical conduction tissues. In some individu ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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