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The Second Heart Sound (S2) Chapter 8
The Second Heart Sound (S2) Chapter 8

... Late or Active Filling • Atrial systole forces blood into the ventricle in late diastole • Forward thrust of blood is normally silent • If ventricle is stiff/reduced compliance, the force of blood entering the ventricle is more vigorous and results in an impact sound in late diastole know as S4 or ...
patient information - AF Ablation Clinic
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circulatory system review
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... The heart is located in the pericardial sac. The wall of the heart is composed of three layers: external - epicardium, middle - myocardium and internal - endocardium. Endocardium covers the inner surface of the heart chambers, it is formed by a special kind of epithelial tissue - endothelium. The en ...
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Greek roots, praefixes, suffixes, clinical terms
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Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries



dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-Transposition of the great arteries, dextro-TGA, or d-TGA), sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries, is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart. The primary arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are transposed.It is called a cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen.In segmental analysis, this condition is described as ventriculoarterial discordance with atrioventricular concordance, or just ventriculoarterial discordance.d-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries (TGA); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to levo-transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA).Another term commonly used to refer to both d-TGA and l-TGA is transposition of the great vessels (TGV), although this term might have an even broader meaning than TGA.
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