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The nature of electromagnetic radiation. 1. Basic introduction to
The nature of electromagnetic radiation. 1. Basic introduction to

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... c. However, the numerical prefactor has to be determined empirically as one of about 20 empirical parameters in the standard model. Many attempts have been made to find a viable analytical formula to derive the fine-structure constant using quantum electrodynamics (QED), algebraic identities as well ...
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... is allowed only certain possible wavelengths, frequencies and energies.  Experiments did show that electrons in atoms do exhibit wave behavior with specific frequencies. ...
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Wave–particle duality

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