Genetic correlations between adults and larvae in a marine fish
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
Lesson 2 | Asexual Reproduction
... , plant growers and scientists can use a meristem to make a copy of a plant with desirable traits. ...
... , plant growers and scientists can use a meristem to make a copy of a plant with desirable traits. ...
Chapter-12
... • Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both • ½ of each parent’s genetic information is passed to offspring ...
... • Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both • ½ of each parent’s genetic information is passed to offspring ...
Epigenetic Inheritance and Its Role in Evolutionary Biology: Re
... (perhaps simplistic) conceptual framework that differentiates between the use of “epigenetics” to describe intragenerational phenomena and its use to describe transgenerational phenomena. This straightforward dichotomy allows us to leave somewhat in the background the voluminous literature on the in ...
... (perhaps simplistic) conceptual framework that differentiates between the use of “epigenetics” to describe intragenerational phenomena and its use to describe transgenerational phenomena. This straightforward dichotomy allows us to leave somewhat in the background the voluminous literature on the in ...
Evolution 2010 Wilkins-1
... organism, and it is easy to imagine how natural selection might favor traits that enhance canalization. In fact, a number of specific canalization mechanisms have been proposed (Queitsch et al. 2002; Flatt 2005; Sangster et al. 2008a, b). Canalization mechanisms may also impact the nature and rate o ...
... organism, and it is easy to imagine how natural selection might favor traits that enhance canalization. In fact, a number of specific canalization mechanisms have been proposed (Queitsch et al. 2002; Flatt 2005; Sangster et al. 2008a, b). Canalization mechanisms may also impact the nature and rate o ...
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design
... Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent attention has been on developmental plasticity – the environmentally induced variability during development within a single genotyp ...
... Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent attention has been on developmental plasticity – the environmentally induced variability during development within a single genotyp ...
mRNA translation during oocyte maturation plays a key role in
... Dixon 1981; Wylie 2000). To find out whether translation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation has any role in the development of PGCs, mRNA translation was inhibited using chloramphenicol. We have shown that in the chloramphenicol treated embryos the number of PGCs reached the genital ridges h ...
... Dixon 1981; Wylie 2000). To find out whether translation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation has any role in the development of PGCs, mRNA translation was inhibited using chloramphenicol. We have shown that in the chloramphenicol treated embryos the number of PGCs reached the genital ridges h ...
Marty Ferris
... 1. On p. 12 of the Gotthard and Nylin article (under "Adaptations within species - reciprocal transplantations"), the authors describe a study in which populations of lizards were transplanted between field sites in New Jersey and Nebraska. They state that field experiments such as this are "more li ...
... 1. On p. 12 of the Gotthard and Nylin article (under "Adaptations within species - reciprocal transplantations"), the authors describe a study in which populations of lizards were transplanted between field sites in New Jersey and Nebraska. They state that field experiments such as this are "more li ...
SCIENCE 9 UNIT 4:REPRODUCTION WORKSHEET 5
... Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. You can use each term more than once. You will not need to use every term. asexual reproduction clone DNA vegetative reproduction ...
... Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. You can use each term more than once. You will not need to use every term. asexual reproduction clone DNA vegetative reproduction ...
Development ppt
... organ that originates from embryonic and maternal tissues –It acts as the respiratory, nutritive, and excretory organ of the fetus –It produces pregnancy hormones –The mother and baby’s blood never mix ...
... organ that originates from embryonic and maternal tissues –It acts as the respiratory, nutritive, and excretory organ of the fetus –It produces pregnancy hormones –The mother and baby’s blood never mix ...
Behavior of the Giant Panda
... The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is indigenous to the forests of China. Their populations have been in decline for many years, and they are now considered an endangered species. Many panda reserves and breeding centers, all located in China, have been created to protect what is left of thei ...
... The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is indigenous to the forests of China. Their populations have been in decline for many years, and they are now considered an endangered species. Many panda reserves and breeding centers, all located in China, have been created to protect what is left of thei ...
Darwin`s Theory of Natural Selection
... to study the sorts of experiments that can be used to test evolutionary theory. The story is as follows. The peppered moth spends much of the daytime resting on the bark of oak trees. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the trunks of most oak trees in England were light brown speckled with g ...
... to study the sorts of experiments that can be used to test evolutionary theory. The story is as follows. The peppered moth spends much of the daytime resting on the bark of oak trees. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the trunks of most oak trees in England were light brown speckled with g ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... The concept of fitness began its career in biology long before evolutionary theory was mathematized. Fitness was used to describe an organism’s vigor, or the degree to which organisms “fit” into their environments. An organism’s success in avoiding predators and in building a nest obviously contribu ...
... The concept of fitness began its career in biology long before evolutionary theory was mathematized. Fitness was used to describe an organism’s vigor, or the degree to which organisms “fit” into their environments. An organism’s success in avoiding predators and in building a nest obviously contribu ...
Genetic Basis for the plasticity of growth and survival in Crassostrea
... ∎ The phenotype p can vary across environmental types e according to a function p(e) which is a reaction norm ∎ Determinants of environmental heterogeneity: How frequent are the different environmental types? Frequency of occurence o(e) What is the quality of the different environments? Intrinsic ...
... ∎ The phenotype p can vary across environmental types e according to a function p(e) which is a reaction norm ∎ Determinants of environmental heterogeneity: How frequent are the different environmental types? Frequency of occurence o(e) What is the quality of the different environments? Intrinsic ...
Oviparity or viviparity? That is the question…
... due to the consequent increase in the offspring’s fitness [4,5], but retaining the zygotes and early embryos within the female’s body is a strategy whereby numerous animals protect their offspring during the most vulnerable stage of their development. It has been proposed that the parent–offspring c ...
... due to the consequent increase in the offspring’s fitness [4,5], but retaining the zygotes and early embryos within the female’s body is a strategy whereby numerous animals protect their offspring during the most vulnerable stage of their development. It has been proposed that the parent–offspring c ...
Unifying Within- and Between-Generation Bet
... abstract: In the 1970s, John Gillespie introduced two principles in which evolution selects for genotypes with lower variation in offspring numbers. First, if the variation in offspring number primarily occurs within generations, the strength of this selective force is inversely proportional to popu ...
... abstract: In the 1970s, John Gillespie introduced two principles in which evolution selects for genotypes with lower variation in offspring numbers. First, if the variation in offspring number primarily occurs within generations, the strength of this selective force is inversely proportional to popu ...
Epigenetic inheritance speeds up evolution of artificial organisms
... the long term. But they also show that it impedes evolution in its very first stages. This negative effect can be explained by instabilities generated by the interference between the two inheritance mediums. On the opposite, the long term gain can be explained by protein inheritance reducing the con ...
... the long term. But they also show that it impedes evolution in its very first stages. This negative effect can be explained by instabilities generated by the interference between the two inheritance mediums. On the opposite, the long term gain can be explained by protein inheritance reducing the con ...
Asexual Reproduction
... Used to develop many types of plants and animals that have desirable traits ...
... Used to develop many types of plants and animals that have desirable traits ...
Epigenetic Inheritance, Genetic Assimilation and Speciation
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... flow or fluctuating environments. Demonstration of the importance of plasticity is complex due to the operation of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For exa ...
... flow or fluctuating environments. Demonstration of the importance of plasticity is complex due to the operation of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For exa ...
(Part 2) Life history evolution
... • trade-offs between life history traits are unavoidable! • variation in life-histories are due to differences in the allocation of energy. • Organisms that find “optimal balance” between costs and benefits are favored by natural selection. • The “optimal” solution might be different in different ...
... • trade-offs between life history traits are unavoidable! • variation in life-histories are due to differences in the allocation of energy. • Organisms that find “optimal balance” between costs and benefits are favored by natural selection. • The “optimal” solution might be different in different ...
Exercise 44 Embryonic Development
... blastocyst, gastrula, fetus, chorion, chorionic villi, placenta, amnion, yolk sac, umbilical cord Embryonic structures and functions ...
... blastocyst, gastrula, fetus, chorion, chorionic villi, placenta, amnion, yolk sac, umbilical cord Embryonic structures and functions ...
The Theory of Evolution
... greyish-green in colour due to the lichens growing on the tree trunks. Peppered moths that lived in the area were also light coloured. Their colour served to camouflage the moths when they landed on the tree trunks. The light-coloured moths were not easily seen by birds who preyed on moths. As the I ...
... greyish-green in colour due to the lichens growing on the tree trunks. Peppered moths that lived in the area were also light coloured. Their colour served to camouflage the moths when they landed on the tree trunks. The light-coloured moths were not easily seen by birds who preyed on moths. As the I ...
5.4 Asexual Reproduction
... Asexually reproduced offspring are genetically identical— so they will respond to their environment in the same way. If conditions stay the same, this is not a problem. If the environment changes, and the organisms cannot live with the changes, the entire population could die off. In contrast, offsp ...
... Asexually reproduced offspring are genetically identical— so they will respond to their environment in the same way. If conditions stay the same, this is not a problem. If the environment changes, and the organisms cannot live with the changes, the entire population could die off. In contrast, offsp ...
Maternal effect
This article concerns the legitimate scientific concept of genes that are expressed only when carried by the female parent. It is not to be confused with the generally discredited theory of maternal impression.A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype, often due to the mother supplying mRNA or proteins to the egg. Maternal effects can also be caused by the maternal environment independent of genotype, sometimes controlling the size, sex, or behaviour of the offspring. These adaptive maternal effects lead to phenotypes of offspring that increase their fitness. Further, it introduces the concept of phenotypic plasticity, an important evolutionary concept. It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity.