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Vertical transmission of chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus
Vertical transmission of chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus

... cages (18x18x18 cm ) with 60 females/cage, 4-5 days old • 6 blood infected meals (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3) • 2 blood meals consisting of human washed erythrocytes • 2 with washed erythrocytes mixed with the culture medium used for the virus suspension ...
COOK® Incorporated
COOK® Incorporated

... Vaccine available since 1982 Yeast-based vaccine – not a live virus Series of 3 shots given over 6 months – – Get 1st shot – 2nd shot - one month later – 3rd shot - six months after first Further information on HBV can be found at www.cdc.gov ...
Detection and Identification of Microorganisms
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... • Unlike antibody detection, which is confounded by the trans‐placental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies, VL can also be useful in diagnosing babies born to HIV‐positive mothers. • However monitoring VL is most relevant as a biomarker to monitor the therapeutic efficacy. Quantifying viral load in ...
Health Care Workers Screening: A Public Health Strategy
Health Care Workers Screening: A Public Health Strategy

... Burden of HCAI • Health care-associated infections occur worldwide and affect both developed and resource-limited countries. • About 5%–10% of patients admitted to acute care hospitals in developed countries acquire health care-associated infections and the risk of acquiring infection is 5–20 times ...
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3- Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS

... people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, the majority having been infected by heterosexual contact . 2.0 million people died of AIDS and 2.7 million new infections with HIV occurred, including 370,000 children, many of whom were babies infected perinatally. By the year 2005, the World Health Orga ...
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New Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Ch. 19: Viruses AP Reading Guide

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Ebola Fever - Labor Spiez

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Describe the events that lead to dental caries and periodontal disease
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Infection Control - Women`s and Children`s Hospital
Infection Control - Women`s and Children`s Hospital

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Hepatitis B



Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.
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