Virion-associated cholesterol is critical for the
... [25]. This fusion process can be suppressed by depletion of membrane-associated cholesterol, possibly by affecting downstream signalling events upon binding of viral coreceptors [26]. The organization of lipids in the lipid rafts of target cells and the mature HIV-1 envelope lipid bilayer may in par ...
... [25]. This fusion process can be suppressed by depletion of membrane-associated cholesterol, possibly by affecting downstream signalling events upon binding of viral coreceptors [26]. The organization of lipids in the lipid rafts of target cells and the mature HIV-1 envelope lipid bilayer may in par ...
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 402/2 - Library
... Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals or ‘Technical Guidelines’. It was developed from technical contributions of members of the Regional Working Group (RWG) and Technical Support Services (TSS) and other aquatic animal health scientists in th ...
... Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals or ‘Technical Guidelines’. It was developed from technical contributions of members of the Regional Working Group (RWG) and Technical Support Services (TSS) and other aquatic animal health scientists in th ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.
... induction of the inflammatory response [12]. Bacterial associated with CL wear, are Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Strept. spp. [13]. A silver-impregnated lens case has been developed which helps to eradicate any potentially contaminating microbes that come in contact with the CL case [14]. C ...
... induction of the inflammatory response [12]. Bacterial associated with CL wear, are Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Strept. spp. [13]. A silver-impregnated lens case has been developed which helps to eradicate any potentially contaminating microbes that come in contact with the CL case [14]. C ...
tuberculosis
... Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, and it is one of the oldest known communicable diseases. It is still very common in many parts of the world, but in the United States the number of cases of tuberculosis and the number of deaths from the disease that are reporte ...
... Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, and it is one of the oldest known communicable diseases. It is still very common in many parts of the world, but in the United States the number of cases of tuberculosis and the number of deaths from the disease that are reporte ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
... Norovirus infection can cause serious medical complications, such as dehydration, in persons with underlying illness (11). No antiviral treatment exists for norovirus infection, and although norovirus vaccines are in development (12), none are available yet. Early studies suggested that norovirus ou ...
... Norovirus infection can cause serious medical complications, such as dehydration, in persons with underlying illness (11). No antiviral treatment exists for norovirus infection, and although norovirus vaccines are in development (12), none are available yet. Early studies suggested that norovirus ou ...
The Epidemiology of Burn Wound Infections: Then and Now
... surface and gradual debridement with immersion hydrotherapy. As early burn wound excision and wound closure became the focal point of burn wound management, accompanied by a change from immersion hydrotherapy to showering hydrotherapy, the rate of burn wound infection appeared to decrease. Few epide ...
... surface and gradual debridement with immersion hydrotherapy. As early burn wound excision and wound closure became the focal point of burn wound management, accompanied by a change from immersion hydrotherapy to showering hydrotherapy, the rate of burn wound infection appeared to decrease. Few epide ...
Epidemiology and Evolution of Vector Borne Disease
... Although the spraying of insecticide can reduce the basic reproductive number R0 , we find that vaccination is more effective. Disease relapse is the driving force behind infection at endemic equilibrium and greatly increases the level of control required to prevent a disease epidemic. When a trade- ...
... Although the spraying of insecticide can reduce the basic reproductive number R0 , we find that vaccination is more effective. Disease relapse is the driving force behind infection at endemic equilibrium and greatly increases the level of control required to prevent a disease epidemic. When a trade- ...
Influenza virus characterisation, summary Europe, July 2016
... 2015–16 vaccine component, reacted with both test viruses at a titre of 80 (eightfold reduced compared to the homologous titre), while the antiserum raised against the cell culture-propagated cultivar of A/Switzerland/9715293/2013, which had a very low homologous titre, was able to recognise both te ...
... 2015–16 vaccine component, reacted with both test viruses at a titre of 80 (eightfold reduced compared to the homologous titre), while the antiserum raised against the cell culture-propagated cultivar of A/Switzerland/9715293/2013, which had a very low homologous titre, was able to recognise both te ...
FAQ for Malaria - WHO South
... It depends on the intensity of malaria transmission of the area where patient lives and frequency of prior infection the patient suffered. In areas where malaria is seasonal and disease is infrequent, adequate protective immunity may never be build up. In areas with high levels of malaria transmissi ...
... It depends on the intensity of malaria transmission of the area where patient lives and frequency of prior infection the patient suffered. In areas where malaria is seasonal and disease is infrequent, adequate protective immunity may never be build up. In areas with high levels of malaria transmissi ...
Infection Prevention and Control in the Endoscopy Unit
... into contact with intact skin. Intact skin is an effective barrier to most microorganisms, therefore sterility is “not critical”. Two types: noncritical patient care items ...
... into contact with intact skin. Intact skin is an effective barrier to most microorganisms, therefore sterility is “not critical”. Two types: noncritical patient care items ...
Biological Safety Program Manual - BioS
... 4.18 Contact or Body Fluid Transmission – Person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent through direct or indiret contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids. 4.19 Cryogen - A liquid or solid used as a refrigerant with a normal boiling point below -150° C (-238° F) as defined ...
... 4.18 Contact or Body Fluid Transmission – Person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent through direct or indiret contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids. 4.19 Cryogen - A liquid or solid used as a refrigerant with a normal boiling point below -150° C (-238° F) as defined ...
Entry and exit screening measures - ECDC
... Exit screening focuses efforts on those at highest risk, thereby minimising the resources required and maximising the positive predictive value of screening. All affected countries have implemented exit screening, supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Based on current ...
... Exit screening focuses efforts on those at highest risk, thereby minimising the resources required and maximising the positive predictive value of screening. All affected countries have implemented exit screening, supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Based on current ...
MEASLES FAQs - Amazon Web Services
... susceptible persons with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. Measles virus can remain infectious on surfaces and in the air for up to t ...
... susceptible persons with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. Measles virus can remain infectious on surfaces and in the air for up to t ...
Pathogen burden, coinfection and major histocompatibility complex
... effect of both MHC class I and class II genes simultaneously, despite the importance of including both classes for a comprehensive study of the MHC–pathogen system, in recognition of their different functions. Additionally, only three of these studies investigated correlations between multiple patho ...
... effect of both MHC class I and class II genes simultaneously, despite the importance of including both classes for a comprehensive study of the MHC–pathogen system, in recognition of their different functions. Additionally, only three of these studies investigated correlations between multiple patho ...
Mastoiditis at Red Cross War Memorial Children`s Hospital, Cape
... swelling or abscess was the presenting feature in all cases. Twenty of these children had acute mastoiditis, 12 had acute-onchronic mastoiditis and 4 had a post-auricular abscess and no signs of mastoiditis on mastoid exploration (pseudomastoiditis). No pathogenic organisms were cultured from 25% of ...
... swelling or abscess was the presenting feature in all cases. Twenty of these children had acute mastoiditis, 12 had acute-onchronic mastoiditis and 4 had a post-auricular abscess and no signs of mastoiditis on mastoid exploration (pseudomastoiditis). No pathogenic organisms were cultured from 25% of ...
Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C vaccine programmes
... enhanced host response. For MenC vaccines the accepted correlate of protection is serum bactericidal antibody [13] which measures functional antibodies against the meningococcus. The capability of MCC vaccines to provide protection from disease in an immunized individual. SBA persistence in the host ...
... enhanced host response. For MenC vaccines the accepted correlate of protection is serum bactericidal antibody [13] which measures functional antibodies against the meningococcus. The capability of MCC vaccines to provide protection from disease in an immunized individual. SBA persistence in the host ...
Clorox® Germicidal Wipes - Angel/Cotton Associates, Inc.
... tearing means each wipe and canister lasts longer. ...
... tearing means each wipe and canister lasts longer. ...
Case Definitions for Communicable Diseases under National
... was extensive and included laboratory, clinical and epidemiologic aspects; it involved federal and provincial representatives as well as subject matter experts. For the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the case definitions, input was provided by a federal/provincial/territorial consultative pro ...
... was extensive and included laboratory, clinical and epidemiologic aspects; it involved federal and provincial representatives as well as subject matter experts. For the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the case definitions, input was provided by a federal/provincial/territorial consultative pro ...
Haemophilus influenzae type b - Fact sheet - NCIRS
... with soft stridor, high fever, dysphagia and drooling. If appropriate treatment, including antibiotic therapy and airway management, is not instituted, the swollen epiglottis can rapidly cause respiratory obstruction leading to death. Hib was responsible for over 95% of cases of epiglottitis in the ...
... with soft stridor, high fever, dysphagia and drooling. If appropriate treatment, including antibiotic therapy and airway management, is not instituted, the swollen epiglottis can rapidly cause respiratory obstruction leading to death. Hib was responsible for over 95% of cases of epiglottitis in the ...
A Bayesian approach for inferring the dynamics of partially observed space-time-genetic data
... scales (figure 1a). At the scale of the entire endemic region, all cases may be related in some way (through the global transmission tree), leading to genetic relatedness and spatial autocorrelation between sampled cases. However, in a given study region (even one that has been exhaustively sampled) ...
... scales (figure 1a). At the scale of the entire endemic region, all cases may be related in some way (through the global transmission tree), leading to genetic relatedness and spatial autocorrelation between sampled cases. However, in a given study region (even one that has been exhaustively sampled) ...
UH-Biological Safety Manual - University of Houston
... require approval by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC). A Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement (MUA) application form must be submitted to the IBC. 4. All research and teaching involving recombinant DNA technology shall be treated as prescribed by the most recent edition of NIH's Guide ...
... require approval by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC). A Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement (MUA) application form must be submitted to the IBC. 4. All research and teaching involving recombinant DNA technology shall be treated as prescribed by the most recent edition of NIH's Guide ...
INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA IN ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO
... some sites the salmon were weakened due to high stocking densities and the presence of additional pathogens. It was found that the sea louse, Caligus rogercresseyi could act as a mechanical vector, and possibly contributed to the spread of the virus. In contrast, the survival time of ISA virions in ...
... some sites the salmon were weakened due to high stocking densities and the presence of additional pathogens. It was found that the sea louse, Caligus rogercresseyi could act as a mechanical vector, and possibly contributed to the spread of the virus. In contrast, the survival time of ISA virions in ...
Stopping poliovirus vaccination after eradication
... poliovirus vaccine (OPV) which replaced IPV as the preferred vaccine in most areas of the world in the early 1960s. The advantages and disadvantages of both vaccines have been reviewed extensively (5, 6). Although IPV, in which the virus has been formalininactivated and therefore rendered non-infect ...
... poliovirus vaccine (OPV) which replaced IPV as the preferred vaccine in most areas of the world in the early 1960s. The advantages and disadvantages of both vaccines have been reviewed extensively (5, 6). Although IPV, in which the virus has been formalininactivated and therefore rendered non-infect ...
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.