Penaeus monodon by RT-PCR amplification
... and sensitive RT-PCR for the detection of YHV. If successful, the detection of YHV RNA by this process would have advantages over direct dot blot nucleic acid hybridization tests in terms of a higher sensitivity and a shorter detection time. However, the conditions have to be optimized in order to o ...
... and sensitive RT-PCR for the detection of YHV. If successful, the detection of YHV RNA by this process would have advantages over direct dot blot nucleic acid hybridization tests in terms of a higher sensitivity and a shorter detection time. However, the conditions have to be optimized in order to o ...
Primates and the Ecology of their Infectious Diseases
... particular factor. Given this, it is surprising that so little is known about determinants of primate abundance. Various potential factors have been proposed and disease-related mortality is often discussed. However, the importance of disease either as an independent determinant or as one working in ...
... particular factor. Given this, it is surprising that so little is known about determinants of primate abundance. Various potential factors have been proposed and disease-related mortality is often discussed. However, the importance of disease either as an independent determinant or as one working in ...
Summary of proposed changes, rationale and actions required Agent Approved List
... A small focus of hemorrhagic fever (HF) cases occurred near Cochabamba, Bolivia, in December 2003 and January 2004. Specimens were available from only one fatal case, which had a clinical course that included fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and vomiting with subsequent deterioration and multip ...
... A small focus of hemorrhagic fever (HF) cases occurred near Cochabamba, Bolivia, in December 2003 and January 2004. Specimens were available from only one fatal case, which had a clinical course that included fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and vomiting with subsequent deterioration and multip ...
Prevention and control of infection in residential and community
... establishes itself on or in the body but does not cause disease. Contamination—When infectious agents spread to a surface or item, creating risks for the spread of infection. Infection—When an infectious agent enters the body and multiplies to levels where it causes disease. Source—The origin of the ...
... establishes itself on or in the body but does not cause disease. Contamination—When infectious agents spread to a surface or item, creating risks for the spread of infection. Infection—When an infectious agent enters the body and multiplies to levels where it causes disease. Source—The origin of the ...
hawaii department of education
... One third of people with hepatitis have no symptoms. One third has "flu-like" symptoms such as fatigue, body aches and fever. One third has a more serious course: jaundice, abdominal pains and diarrhea, which can lead to liver failure and death. The virus infects people of all ages and every year ab ...
... One third of people with hepatitis have no symptoms. One third has "flu-like" symptoms such as fatigue, body aches and fever. One third has a more serious course: jaundice, abdominal pains and diarrhea, which can lead to liver failure and death. The virus infects people of all ages and every year ab ...
DIA 2009 EuroMeeting
... • Predominantly requires two large studies per indication based on non inferiority guidance introduced in the early1990s – Non inferiority was ironically introduced to reduce the size of studies! • Indications have been subdivided to such an extent that no company can afford to register a drug for m ...
... • Predominantly requires two large studies per indication based on non inferiority guidance introduced in the early1990s – Non inferiority was ironically introduced to reduce the size of studies! • Indications have been subdivided to such an extent that no company can afford to register a drug for m ...
Zoonotic Diseases - Animals to Humans
... 5. What would happen if the bird flu came through this area, and how would you and your family respond to the epidemic? Sample: Student Responses: Get a shot (Teacher Response: There is no vaccination for bird flu. Other flu strain vaccinations can be used but are not completely successful in contro ...
... 5. What would happen if the bird flu came through this area, and how would you and your family respond to the epidemic? Sample: Student Responses: Get a shot (Teacher Response: There is no vaccination for bird flu. Other flu strain vaccinations can be used but are not completely successful in contro ...
42. Improved FMD diagnosis using real-time RT-PCR
... that 100% relative sensitivity was achieved by the RT-PCR at a CT value of <39, which justifies using this as the ideal diagnostic cut-off for the RT-PCR, since it is the lowest CT value that achieves this. 2001 UK FMD outbreak samples – ELISA/VI negative It can be seen from Table IV that 367 sample ...
... that 100% relative sensitivity was achieved by the RT-PCR at a CT value of <39, which justifies using this as the ideal diagnostic cut-off for the RT-PCR, since it is the lowest CT value that achieves this. 2001 UK FMD outbreak samples – ELISA/VI negative It can be seen from Table IV that 367 sample ...
IHS-6_Zoonotic Diseases - Animals to
... 5. What would happen if the bird flu came through this area, and how would you and your family respond to the epidemic? Sample: Student Responses: Get a shot (Teacher Response: There is no vaccination for bird flu. Other flu strain vaccinations can be used but are not completely successful in contro ...
... 5. What would happen if the bird flu came through this area, and how would you and your family respond to the epidemic? Sample: Student Responses: Get a shot (Teacher Response: There is no vaccination for bird flu. Other flu strain vaccinations can be used but are not completely successful in contro ...
Biological Disaster (Epidemics in India)
... principally A.aegypti. The virus has five different types; infection with one type usually gives life long immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increase the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available va ...
... principally A.aegypti. The virus has five different types; infection with one type usually gives life long immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increase the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available va ...
Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment
... and grows in both its velocity and thickness upward along the human body. It is important in the individual microenvironment and inhalation.51-53 The plume becomes fully turbulent at the middle chest level. It reaches a maximum velocity (0.2-0.3 m/s) approximately 0.5 m above the head. The thickness ...
... and grows in both its velocity and thickness upward along the human body. It is important in the individual microenvironment and inhalation.51-53 The plume becomes fully turbulent at the middle chest level. It reaches a maximum velocity (0.2-0.3 m/s) approximately 0.5 m above the head. The thickness ...
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Risk
... Arabia makes strenuous efforts to control disease transmission during these times, but the large number of people gathering in the epicentre of the current outbreak necessarily poses a risk for spread of the MERS-CoV. New Zealand has addressed this risk by providing general health education at inter ...
... Arabia makes strenuous efforts to control disease transmission during these times, but the large number of people gathering in the epicentre of the current outbreak necessarily poses a risk for spread of the MERS-CoV. New Zealand has addressed this risk by providing general health education at inter ...
Immunoprophylaxis (prophylactic immunization)
... Primarily for prophylaxis Requires time (weeks) for induction of immune response Administration - prior to exposure to pathogen (exception: rabies vaccine) - post-exposure (in combination with specific Ig) ...
... Primarily for prophylaxis Requires time (weeks) for induction of immune response Administration - prior to exposure to pathogen (exception: rabies vaccine) - post-exposure (in combination with specific Ig) ...
Two Cytoplasmic Acylation Sites and an Adjacent Hydrophobic
... co-expressed with HA and NA. In order to define the minimal number of elements required for virus budding, it was found that HA, when expressed alone, was released as virus-like particles (VLPs) if sialidase activity is provided. Co-expression of NA and M2 increased VLP production. Expression of M1 ...
... co-expressed with HA and NA. In order to define the minimal number of elements required for virus budding, it was found that HA, when expressed alone, was released as virus-like particles (VLPs) if sialidase activity is provided. Co-expression of NA and M2 increased VLP production. Expression of M1 ...
INFECTIOUS DISEASES CHILD CARE SCHOOL SETTINGS
... In situations where a child does not have a diagnosed disease/condition but has signs or symptoms indicative of a potentially infectious disease, exclusion may also be warranted. Generally, if any of the following conditions apply, exclusion from child care or school should be considered: • If the c ...
... In situations where a child does not have a diagnosed disease/condition but has signs or symptoms indicative of a potentially infectious disease, exclusion may also be warranted. Generally, if any of the following conditions apply, exclusion from child care or school should be considered: • If the c ...
Quantification of Basic Epidemiological Characteristics: The
... The Example of Human Polyomaviruses ...
... The Example of Human Polyomaviruses ...
Is There a Risk of Yellow Fever Virus Transmission
... reemerged as a priority global agenda since this outbreak, it continued to cause epidemics in endemic countries, also spreading to West African countries where cases were never previously reported and to the Eastern Mediterranean region ...
... reemerged as a priority global agenda since this outbreak, it continued to cause epidemics in endemic countries, also spreading to West African countries where cases were never previously reported and to the Eastern Mediterranean region ...
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Prevention and control of infection is
... therefore requires knowledge of the way the infection is spread, i.e. in the air, by contact etc. The guidelines in this section should be applied in conjunction with the routine precautions which should be carried out at all times (see page 3-A and section B). These practices are designed for the c ...
... therefore requires knowledge of the way the infection is spread, i.e. in the air, by contact etc. The guidelines in this section should be applied in conjunction with the routine precautions which should be carried out at all times (see page 3-A and section B). These practices are designed for the c ...
The Mantoux test
... is correct. Boosting can occur up to two years after the first Mantoux test and can therefore be confused with Mantoux conversion. ...
... is correct. Boosting can occur up to two years after the first Mantoux test and can therefore be confused with Mantoux conversion. ...
Exploiting Immune Response Dynamics in HIV Therapy
... were a number of anecdotes involving patients with records of poor adherence developing a non-progressive state of infection. Follow-up studies verified that this was indeed possible, at least in patients who had begun anti-viral therapy during the acute phase of HIV infection (which likely preserve ...
... were a number of anecdotes involving patients with records of poor adherence developing a non-progressive state of infection. Follow-up studies verified that this was indeed possible, at least in patients who had begun anti-viral therapy during the acute phase of HIV infection (which likely preserve ...
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
... Shingles is not contagious from person to person. Shingles is a reactivation of the VZV virus and this condition is not spread through sneezing, coughing or casual contact. Anyone who has recovered from chickenpox may develop shingles. Someone with Shingles can spread the virus that will cause chick ...
... Shingles is not contagious from person to person. Shingles is a reactivation of the VZV virus and this condition is not spread through sneezing, coughing or casual contact. Anyone who has recovered from chickenpox may develop shingles. Someone with Shingles can spread the virus that will cause chick ...
Epidemiological, Demographic, and Molecular Characteristics of
... (H1N1) virus (610). Molecular studies are critical for distinguishing 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus from other circulating influenza viruses. Furthermore, molecular analysis of this new virus is critical for the monitoring of modifications in virus genome related to pathogenesis, and susce ...
... (H1N1) virus (610). Molecular studies are critical for distinguishing 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus from other circulating influenza viruses. Furthermore, molecular analysis of this new virus is critical for the monitoring of modifications in virus genome related to pathogenesis, and susce ...
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.