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Equine Science & Technology
Equine Science & Technology

...  Determined by placing the hand on the flank, by observing the rise and fall of the flank, or, in the winter, by watching the breath condensate coming from the nostrils.  Rapid breathing due to recent exercise, excitement, hot weather, or poorly ventilated buildings should not be confused with dis ...
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... 1 to 3 days after being exposed to the bacterium. It usually resolves itself within 5 to 7 days although in some people, especially the young and the elderly, it may require hospital treatment. Some persons who are infected with Shigella don’t have any symptoms at all, but may still pass the infecti ...
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... The corollary is that pathogenesis is evidence of recent associations between parasites and their hosts. Virulence is an indication that not enough time has elapsed for a benign association to evolve…Is this view correct? ...
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... before. Clear fluid usually exudes from the mouth when the dead bird is lifted. Birds are typically in good condition with no weight loss or other indication of chronic disease. Smith et. al. found that budgerigars usually died within two to four weeks of experimental infection. (11) Males appear to ...
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... it was foreseeable for our country to start having imported and, subsequently, autochthonous cases. According to PAHO’s weekly publications, as of August 1, 5,271 autochthonous and imported cases and 32 deaths had been recorded in the region of the Americas, with a lethality rate of 0.6%, and it sho ...
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An integrated approach to infectious disease in the UK

... of the wildlife trade would allow earlier detection of diseases that cross over between wildlife and humans, thus allowing more time to prepare for the consequences. However, as new technologies enable infections to be identified more rapidly, it may prove to be a more cost- effective option to wait ...
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An integrated to infectious diseases in the UK
An integrated to infectious diseases in the UK

... of the wildlife trade would allow earlier detection of diseases that cross over between wildlife and humans, thus allowing more time to prepare for the consequences. However, as new technologies enable infections to be identified more rapidly, it may prove to be a more cost- effective option to wait ...
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Notes

... leaves develop a characteristic light and dark green pattern, the dark green areas associated more with the veins, turning into irregular blisters. The early infected plants in the season are usually stunted with small, chlorotic, mottled and curled leaves. In severe infections, the leaves are narro ...
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African trypanosomiasis



African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.). T.b.g causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas.Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease.Prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for T.b.g. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin. Treatment of the second stage involves: eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for T.b.g. While melarsoprol works for both it is typically only used for T.b.r. due to serious side effects.The disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths per year, down from 34,000 in 1990. An estimated 30,000 people are currently infected with 7000 new infections in 2012. More than 80% of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected.
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