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The Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Selected Sexually Transmitted
The Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Selected Sexually Transmitted

... 6. Owusu-Edusei K, Jr., Doshi SR, Apt BS, Gift TL. The direct cost of chlamydial infections: Estimates for the employersponsored privately insured population in the United States, 2003-2007. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2010;37:519-21. 7. Owusu-Edusei K, Jr., Gift TL, Chesson HW. Treatment cost of ...
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... mortality due to pneumonia and acute bronchitis has decreased over time in Japan. In 1950, the childhood mortality rates for pneumonia and acute bronchitis were 17.0% and 5.0%, respectively, whereas in 1990, these rates had declined to 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively. The childhood mortality rate for pn ...
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Emerging pathogens: the epidemiology and evolution of species

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Serologic survey of infectious disease agents in black bears (Ursus

... populations of wild animals (Scott, 1988). When infection influences the reproduction of the host or reduces the average life span, but does not cause acute mortality, it is difficult to detect in a host population without a detailed demographic and epidemiology study, which compares features among ...


... Brazil has the second largest commercial cattle herd in the world with 205,292 million head in 2009 (IBGE, 2010). However, it still maintains low production rates, resulting from several factors, especially diseases of the reproductive cycle (Takiuchi et al., 2005). In this context , infections caus ...
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Oesophagostomum



Oesophagostomum is a genus of free-living nematodes of the family Strongyloidae. These worms occur in Africa, Brazil, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. The majority of human infection with Oesophagostomum is localized to northern Togo and Ghana. Because the eggs may be indistinguishable from those of the hookworms (which are widely distributed and can also rarely cause helminthomas), the species causing human helminthomas are rarely identified with accuracy. Oesophagostomum, especially O. bifurcum, are common parasites of livestock and animals like goats, pigs and non-human primates, although it seems that humans are increasingly becoming favorable hosts as well. The disease they cause, oesophagostomiasis, is known for the nodule formation it causes in the intestines of its infected hosts, which can lead to more serious problems such as dysentery. Although the routes of human infection have yet to be elucidated sufficiently, it is believed that transmission occurs through oral-fecal means, with infected humans unknowingly ingesting soil containing the infectious filariform larvae.Oesophagostomum infection is largely localized to northern Togo and Ghana in western Africa where it is a serious public health problem. Because it is so localized, research on intervention measures and the implementation of effective public health interventions have been lacking. In recent years, however, there have been advances in the diagnosis of Oesophagostomum infection with PCR assays and ultrasound and recent interventions involving mass treatment with albendazole shows promise for controlling and possibly eliminating Oesophagostomum infection in northern Togo and Ghana.
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