Quasi-Commodity Money
... Quasi-Commodity Money verses Rule-Bound Fiat Money Although quasi-commodity money might be regarded as nothing more than a particular kind of a rule-bound fiat money, I think it proper to distinguish between these. The difference warranting the separate designations is that real resource costs alone ...
... Quasi-Commodity Money verses Rule-Bound Fiat Money Although quasi-commodity money might be regarded as nothing more than a particular kind of a rule-bound fiat money, I think it proper to distinguish between these. The difference warranting the separate designations is that real resource costs alone ...
- Open University of Tanzania Repository
... interest rate were considered. The study employed quantitatively approach where four variables were tested by hypothesis. Moreover only secondary data were used to analyze the variables whereby the multiple regression model is used to relate the micro economic variables and stock exchange growth at ...
... interest rate were considered. The study employed quantitatively approach where four variables were tested by hypothesis. Moreover only secondary data were used to analyze the variables whereby the multiple regression model is used to relate the micro economic variables and stock exchange growth at ...
Adaptive Learning and Survey Data
... variable, together with parameter instability could lead to large and persistent forecast errors. Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that fundamentals-based models can frequently underperform forecasts derived from simple univariate time series models, such as a random walk, or AR and MA m ...
... variable, together with parameter instability could lead to large and persistent forecast errors. Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that fundamentals-based models can frequently underperform forecasts derived from simple univariate time series models, such as a random walk, or AR and MA m ...
Interactive Tool
... That is (170 - 150) / 150 = .133 or 13.3 percent. Because this is over a twelvemonth period, it is an annual rate of inflation. More difficult interpretations are based on single month changes. The results are normally converted to annual rates of inflation. 2. A current level of 160 would mean that ...
... That is (170 - 150) / 150 = .133 or 13.3 percent. Because this is over a twelvemonth period, it is an annual rate of inflation. More difficult interpretations are based on single month changes. The results are normally converted to annual rates of inflation. 2. A current level of 160 would mean that ...
The Collapse of the Bretton Woods Fixed Exchange Rate System
... and drawings under the IMF’s original credit provisions. Analogous to interbank credit lines in a domestic banking system, such changes would have tended to reduce official demand for foreign reserves. If, as claimed by the United States, U.S. balance-of-payments deficits were the result of increase ...
... and drawings under the IMF’s original credit provisions. Analogous to interbank credit lines in a domestic banking system, such changes would have tended to reduce official demand for foreign reserves. If, as claimed by the United States, U.S. balance-of-payments deficits were the result of increase ...
Macro Conference IV
... Assume: capital stock in each sector consists of traded and nontraded goods combined in fixed proportions. A unit of capital in the traded goods sector consists of TN units of nontraded goods and TT units of traded goods. In the nontraded goods sector capital consists of NN nontraded goods and T ...
... Assume: capital stock in each sector consists of traded and nontraded goods combined in fixed proportions. A unit of capital in the traded goods sector consists of TN units of nontraded goods and TT units of traded goods. In the nontraded goods sector capital consists of NN nontraded goods and T ...
Antidumping Procedures and Macroeconomic Factors
... reporting country’s currency3. H2.The number of inquiries opened decreases with an increase in the rate of growth of the import country’s real GDP. The sensitivity of the business community to perceived foreign unfair pricing behavior is increased in an economic slump, as is the incentive of foreign ...
... reporting country’s currency3. H2.The number of inquiries opened decreases with an increase in the rate of growth of the import country’s real GDP. The sensitivity of the business community to perceived foreign unfair pricing behavior is increased in an economic slump, as is the incentive of foreign ...
STATISTICS BRIEF Purchasing power parities
... position from rank 5 to rank 4. Or, by the same argument, Germany’s position would shift from 7 to 6. What is important is the observation that as small a difference as 1 per cent in results can yield quite different rankings when countries are as similar as for example the large economies of the EU ...
... position from rank 5 to rank 4. Or, by the same argument, Germany’s position would shift from 7 to 6. What is important is the observation that as small a difference as 1 per cent in results can yield quite different rankings when countries are as similar as for example the large economies of the EU ...
Mechanics of Futures Markets
... the best price available in the market. Limit order: Specifies a particular price. If the limit price is $30 for an investor wanting to buy, the order will be executed at a price of $30 or less. Stop order (Stop loss order): Suppose a stop order to sell at $30 is issued when the market price is $35. ...
... the best price available in the market. Limit order: Specifies a particular price. If the limit price is $30 for an investor wanting to buy, the order will be executed at a price of $30 or less. Stop order (Stop loss order): Suppose a stop order to sell at $30 is issued when the market price is $35. ...
A REVISED CLASSICAL MODEL OF GROWTH
... wages is constant: R/Y→. In this case, and just having in mind that an increasing capitaloutput ratio means a decreasing output-capital ratio, it is easy to see, from identity (1), that, if technical progress is capital-using (declining output-capital ratio, Y/K↓), the profit rate will be declining, ...
... wages is constant: R/Y→. In this case, and just having in mind that an increasing capitaloutput ratio means a decreasing output-capital ratio, it is easy to see, from identity (1), that, if technical progress is capital-using (declining output-capital ratio, Y/K↓), the profit rate will be declining, ...
Sunrise of currency reform - The Kubatana Archive Site
... community at large, by suggesting that our vocal stance against indiscipline and farm disruptions mean that we are not supportive of the Land Reform Programme or want it reversed. ...
... community at large, by suggesting that our vocal stance against indiscipline and farm disruptions mean that we are not supportive of the Land Reform Programme or want it reversed. ...
The Resilient Trade Surplus, the Pharmaceutical Sector, and
... for medical and pharmaceutical goods (see Gerdtham and Jönsson 2000; Folland, Goodman, and Stano 2013). This increase in demand was matched by increasing supply and innovation, which together generated a boom in the pharmaceutical industry over the past decade or two. The World Bank reports that hea ...
... for medical and pharmaceutical goods (see Gerdtham and Jönsson 2000; Folland, Goodman, and Stano 2013). This increase in demand was matched by increasing supply and innovation, which together generated a boom in the pharmaceutical industry over the past decade or two. The World Bank reports that hea ...
Beggar or prosper-thy- neighbour?
... home country reduces output and employment in both the home country and the foreign country. Constrained households are modelled using rule-of-thumb households as in Galı́ et al. (2007). Iacoviello (2005) proposes an endogenous borrowing constraint, which in fact enhances the impact of demand and re ...
... home country reduces output and employment in both the home country and the foreign country. Constrained households are modelled using rule-of-thumb households as in Galı́ et al. (2007). Iacoviello (2005) proposes an endogenous borrowing constraint, which in fact enhances the impact of demand and re ...
Chapter 29
... The nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the countries’ price levels in those countries. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. ...
... The nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the countries’ price levels in those countries. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... Shih (1990), Chiu and Hou (1993), and Wu and Shea (1993), emphasize that prosperous stock and real estate transactions in this period created a great deal of transactional demand for money.3Although there are no official data on the value of real estate transactions, table 8.2 shows that the total t ...
... Shih (1990), Chiu and Hou (1993), and Wu and Shea (1993), emphasize that prosperous stock and real estate transactions in this period created a great deal of transactional demand for money.3Although there are no official data on the value of real estate transactions, table 8.2 shows that the total t ...
Download paper (PDF)
... of Xt . Conditional on the observed short‐term interest rate Rt , the variables in Xt are thus noisy measures of the underlying unobserved factors Ft . Note that it is in principle not restrictive to assume that Xt depends only on the current values of the factors, since Ft can always capture arbitr ...
... of Xt . Conditional on the observed short‐term interest rate Rt , the variables in Xt are thus noisy measures of the underlying unobserved factors Ft . Note that it is in principle not restrictive to assume that Xt depends only on the current values of the factors, since Ft can always capture arbitr ...
Mankiw SM Chap13 correct size:chap13.qxd.qxd
... π = Eπ – β(u – un) + v. If the government can lower expected inflation Eπ to the desired level of inflation, then there is no need for unemployment to rise above its natural rate. According to the rational-expectations approach, people form expectations about inflation using all of the information t ...
... π = Eπ – β(u – un) + v. If the government can lower expected inflation Eπ to the desired level of inflation, then there is no need for unemployment to rise above its natural rate. According to the rational-expectations approach, people form expectations about inflation using all of the information t ...
Inflation Cycles
... The Business Cycle The Key Decision: When to Work? To decide when to work, people compare the return from working in the current period with the expected return from working in a later period. The when-to-work decision depends on the real interest rate. The lower the real interest rate, the smaller ...
... The Business Cycle The Key Decision: When to Work? To decide when to work, people compare the return from working in the current period with the expected return from working in a later period. The when-to-work decision depends on the real interest rate. The lower the real interest rate, the smaller ...
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... percent. These tax rates are high, but so are the tax rates that have been imposed in countries that have been successful in curbing capital inflows. A second main finding is that for reasonable parameterizations, while an appropriately set tax on foreign borrowing can be quite effective in offsetti ...
... percent. These tax rates are high, but so are the tax rates that have been imposed in countries that have been successful in curbing capital inflows. A second main finding is that for reasonable parameterizations, while an appropriately set tax on foreign borrowing can be quite effective in offsetti ...
In this paper we wil first the large increase of foreign exchange
... The first has been emphasized by the literature on the “second Bretton Woods” (see Dooley, Folkerts-Landau and Garber, 2003). This school of thought contends that efforts by Asian countries to maintain or enhance export competitiveness in the context of an export-led growth model has led them to run ...
... The first has been emphasized by the literature on the “second Bretton Woods” (see Dooley, Folkerts-Landau and Garber, 2003). This school of thought contends that efforts by Asian countries to maintain or enhance export competitiveness in the context of an export-led growth model has led them to run ...
Document
... People are now holding more of their wealth as money than they would like so they exchange some money for other financial assets, such as bonds. As the demand for bonds increases, bond sellers can pay less interest, and the interest rate falls until it equals i. A decrease in the supply of money dr ...
... People are now holding more of their wealth as money than they would like so they exchange some money for other financial assets, such as bonds. As the demand for bonds increases, bond sellers can pay less interest, and the interest rate falls until it equals i. A decrease in the supply of money dr ...
International Financial Integration* Philip R. Lane Institute for International Integration Studies
... -7One possible reason for this rise in international financial cross-holdings is the increase in international trade, which has also been substantial in recent decades. However, Figures 2.4 and 2.5 show clearly that the increase in financial openness dwarfs the increase in goods’ trade. Figure 4 sh ...
... -7One possible reason for this rise in international financial cross-holdings is the increase in international trade, which has also been substantial in recent decades. However, Figures 2.4 and 2.5 show clearly that the increase in financial openness dwarfs the increase in goods’ trade. Figure 4 sh ...
Exchange rate
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In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119.Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.In the retail currency exchange market, a different buying rate and selling rate will be quoted by money dealers. Most trades are to or from the local currency. The buying rate is the rate at which money dealers will buy foreign currency, and the selling rate is the rate at which they will sell the currency. The quoted rates will incorporate an allowance for a dealer's margin (or profit) in trading, or else the margin may be recovered in the form of a commission or in some other way. Different rates may also be quoted for cash (usually notes only), a documentary form (such as traveler's cheques) or electronically (such as a credit card purchase). The higher rate on documentary transactions has been justified to compensate for the additional time and cost of clearing the document, while the cash is available for resale immediately. Some dealers on the other hand prefer documentary transactions because of the security concerns with cash.