Physics 2170
... X-ray crystallography has been widely used to understand the atomic structure of many materials. Most famous is the structure of DNA which was figured out from the X-ray diffraction pattern here. ...
... X-ray crystallography has been widely used to understand the atomic structure of many materials. Most famous is the structure of DNA which was figured out from the X-ray diffraction pattern here. ...
Quantum Theory of the Atom
... Albert Einstein explained the observations as follows: • the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is the difference between the energy of the photon and the energy needed to dislodge the electron from the metal. • if the individual photons do not have sufficient energy to dislodge electrons, no ph ...
... Albert Einstein explained the observations as follows: • the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is the difference between the energy of the photon and the energy needed to dislodge the electron from the metal. • if the individual photons do not have sufficient energy to dislodge electrons, no ph ...
L. Bell*, et. al., "THz emission by Quantum Beating in a Modulation
... plus internal polarization" to be zero at VG = −1 V. On the other hand, our results are inconsistent with the ultrafast field screening model in which terahertz emission arises from oscillations of extrinsic carriers. This model predicts that the signal should be proportional to the product of the e ...
... plus internal polarization" to be zero at VG = −1 V. On the other hand, our results are inconsistent with the ultrafast field screening model in which terahertz emission arises from oscillations of extrinsic carriers. This model predicts that the signal should be proportional to the product of the e ...
Interaction- and measurement-free quantum Zeno gates for universal computation
... qubits was in the interacting state, but not which one, thus collapsing the two-qubit state into an entangled state 关26,27兴. While a light pulse containing many photons can have a strong effect on a single atom, the back effect of the atom on the light field is very small. The primary difficulty in ...
... qubits was in the interacting state, but not which one, thus collapsing the two-qubit state into an entangled state 关26,27兴. While a light pulse containing many photons can have a strong effect on a single atom, the back effect of the atom on the light field is very small. The primary difficulty in ...
URL - StealthSkater
... beginning before conscious decision could be that quantum superposition of neural states corresponding to "I do it" and "I don't do it" is generated a fraction of second before the conscious decision which selects either of these options. Does the intentional action propagating to Geometric-Past ge ...
... beginning before conscious decision could be that quantum superposition of neural states corresponding to "I do it" and "I don't do it" is generated a fraction of second before the conscious decision which selects either of these options. Does the intentional action propagating to Geometric-Past ge ...
Easy Spin-Symmetry-Adaptation. Exploiting the Clifford
... Given a G[2a1b0c] lower from highest weight state according to a number of schemes ...
... Given a G[2a1b0c] lower from highest weight state according to a number of schemes ...
Two types of potential functions and their use in the
... augmented with: σ 2µ + µ2 x3 . Remark one very important issue which refers to the setting of m = 1 in the above discussion. The Nelson theory allows for a transition from pure Newtonian mechanics, into a stochastic environment [with the use of R(x, t) as a scalar field] and from there, into a furth ...
... augmented with: σ 2µ + µ2 x3 . Remark one very important issue which refers to the setting of m = 1 in the above discussion. The Nelson theory allows for a transition from pure Newtonian mechanics, into a stochastic environment [with the use of R(x, t) as a scalar field] and from there, into a furth ...
Quantum Manipulation Using Light-Atom Interaction
... The obtainable spin squeezing improves with the quality of the resonator and the number of atoms. Fig. 4 shows the calculated spin squeezing for a typical atom number (N=2×104) and varying finesse of the resonator. Note that we obtain excellent agreement between the calculation [23] and the experime ...
... The obtainable spin squeezing improves with the quality of the resonator and the number of atoms. Fig. 4 shows the calculated spin squeezing for a typical atom number (N=2×104) and varying finesse of the resonator. Note that we obtain excellent agreement between the calculation [23] and the experime ...
Horace P. Yuen, “On the Foundations of Quantum Key Distribution
... gives P and Q as marginals, but rather from conceptual and verbal confusions. Instead, we point out here that any such joint distribution is irrelevant to the meaning of δ(P, Q). This is simply because the marginal distribution is just P regardless of what the underlying space of P is joined to. P d ...
... gives P and Q as marginals, but rather from conceptual and verbal confusions. Instead, we point out here that any such joint distribution is irrelevant to the meaning of δ(P, Q). This is simply because the marginal distribution is just P regardless of what the underlying space of P is joined to. P d ...
The Klein-Gordon Equation as a time-symmetric
... the free parameters of the Schrödinger Equation solution But 80 years of experiments say we can’t learn any more information (at one time) than can be encoded by . (Deeply connected with the Uncertainty Principle) Therefore, if we start with the KGE as the master Equation, one gets the axiomatic ...
... the free parameters of the Schrödinger Equation solution But 80 years of experiments say we can’t learn any more information (at one time) than can be encoded by . (Deeply connected with the Uncertainty Principle) Therefore, if we start with the KGE as the master Equation, one gets the axiomatic ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.