INFLATIONARY PRESSURES IN SOUTH ASIA
... America. This illustrates the damping effects on inflation of dense low capita income populations vulnerable to inflation. However, on the other hand, inflation rates were almost never negative, implying that chronic inflation pushed up costs and price levels. The price indices and their sub-compone ...
... America. This illustrates the damping effects on inflation of dense low capita income populations vulnerable to inflation. However, on the other hand, inflation rates were almost never negative, implying that chronic inflation pushed up costs and price levels. The price indices and their sub-compone ...
Document
... In the modern U.S. economy, the typical unemployed person stays unemployed for a relatively brief period of time. In April 2007—which was during a period of economic expansion—82 percent of the people who were unemployed had been unemployed for less than six months. In September 2011, after the end ...
... In the modern U.S. economy, the typical unemployed person stays unemployed for a relatively brief period of time. In April 2007—which was during a period of economic expansion—82 percent of the people who were unemployed had been unemployed for less than six months. In September 2011, after the end ...
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
... There are mainly two types of theoretical perceptions relating to the effect of change in average inflation on growth and level of real output as well. One expectation that is based on the exogenous growth models holds that inflation does not affect growth rate as well as the level of output. Opposi ...
... There are mainly two types of theoretical perceptions relating to the effect of change in average inflation on growth and level of real output as well. One expectation that is based on the exogenous growth models holds that inflation does not affect growth rate as well as the level of output. Opposi ...
File
... bank during financial crisis. If the central bank deposits expantionary monetary policy the rationing limit of loans increases. On the other hand if the central bank adopts the contractionary monetary policy the rationing limit of loans decreases. ...
... bank during financial crisis. If the central bank deposits expantionary monetary policy the rationing limit of loans increases. On the other hand if the central bank adopts the contractionary monetary policy the rationing limit of loans decreases. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CONDUCT OF DOMESTIC ICY Robert J. Gordon
... am grateful to Stephen King and John Veitch for their help with the data, and to Stephen Axilrod, Hermann Dudler, Milton Friedman, Herschel Grossman, Jerry Jordan, Thomas Mayer and Allen Sinai for their comments and criticisms. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in Eco ...
... am grateful to Stephen King and John Veitch for their help with the data, and to Stephen Axilrod, Hermann Dudler, Milton Friedman, Herschel Grossman, Jerry Jordan, Thomas Mayer and Allen Sinai for their comments and criticisms. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in Eco ...
Solutions to Chapter 1
... Rather, a bank loan is a claim on cash flows generated by other activities, which makes it a financial asset. 11. Investment in research and development creates ‘know-how.’ This knowledge is then used to produce goods and services, which makes it a real asset. 12. The responsibilities of the treasur ...
... Rather, a bank loan is a claim on cash flows generated by other activities, which makes it a financial asset. 11. Investment in research and development creates ‘know-how.’ This knowledge is then used to produce goods and services, which makes it a real asset. 12. The responsibilities of the treasur ...
Interactive Tool
... 3. The adage “inflation hurts lenders and helps borrowers” only applies if inflation is not expected. For example, interest rates normally increase in response to anticipated inflation. As a result, the lenders receive higher interest payments, part of which is compensation for the decrease in the v ...
... 3. The adage “inflation hurts lenders and helps borrowers” only applies if inflation is not expected. For example, interest rates normally increase in response to anticipated inflation. As a result, the lenders receive higher interest payments, part of which is compensation for the decrease in the v ...
Section 1. Integrating the heterogeneity of entrepreneurs
... to activity which makes the wheels go round, our rational selves […] often falling back for our motive on whim or sentiment” (Keynes 1936: 163, our emphasis, see also Akerlof & Shiller 2009, Marchionatti 1999, Dow & Dow 2011). Hence, we assessed entrepreneurs’ motives and emotions as a way to cope w ...
... to activity which makes the wheels go round, our rational selves […] often falling back for our motive on whim or sentiment” (Keynes 1936: 163, our emphasis, see also Akerlof & Shiller 2009, Marchionatti 1999, Dow & Dow 2011). Hence, we assessed entrepreneurs’ motives and emotions as a way to cope w ...
CHAP1.WP (Word5)
... Figure 3-6 in Section 3-9 connects the autonomous planned spending (Ap) demand schedule with the IS curve. Note that this is consistent with the equilibrium concept developed in the simple income-determination model. This is advantageous, because it shows students that the only difference between th ...
... Figure 3-6 in Section 3-9 connects the autonomous planned spending (Ap) demand schedule with the IS curve. Note that this is consistent with the equilibrium concept developed in the simple income-determination model. This is advantageous, because it shows students that the only difference between th ...
Discretionary Fiscal Policy as a Stabilization Policy Tool
... monetary expansion would be maintained even after the economy had exited the zero-lower bound. A reduction in risk, either through central bank purchases of risky assets via quantitative easing or through loan guarantees would also reduce the spread. And an increase in the risk-bearing capacity of t ...
... monetary expansion would be maintained even after the economy had exited the zero-lower bound. A reduction in risk, either through central bank purchases of risky assets via quantitative easing or through loan guarantees would also reduce the spread. And an increase in the risk-bearing capacity of t ...
RBC and New Keynesian Models
... shift work effort over time as real wages and real interest rates change • An increase (decrease) in productivity raises (lowers) the real wage today, so that workers are willing to work more (less), thus both employment and output will rise (fall) while unemployment will fall (rise) • The economy i ...
... shift work effort over time as real wages and real interest rates change • An increase (decrease) in productivity raises (lowers) the real wage today, so that workers are willing to work more (less), thus both employment and output will rise (fall) while unemployment will fall (rise) • The economy i ...
Chapter 17: Monetary Policy
... or the output gap • The Fed places more weight to the inflation loss and less to output loss • The weight on inflation determines how inflation and output change over time after a shock hits the economy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ...
... or the output gap • The Fed places more weight to the inflation loss and less to output loss • The weight on inflation determines how inflation and output change over time after a shock hits the economy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ...
Money and Velocity During Financial Crises: From the Great
... the relationships between various monetary aggregates and other nominal variables. …the rapid pace of financial innovation in the United States has been an important reason for the instability of the relationships between monetary aggregates and other macroeconomic variables. In response to regulato ...
... the relationships between various monetary aggregates and other nominal variables. …the rapid pace of financial innovation in the United States has been an important reason for the instability of the relationships between monetary aggregates and other macroeconomic variables. In response to regulato ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES BANKS, MARKET ORGANIZATION, AND MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE:
... which economic activities are coordinated in a decentralized economy. It starts from the proposition that, in reality, almost all exchanges in an advanced economy involve a specialized trader (“shop owner”) on one side or the other of the market. We add several components to this model so as to make ...
... which economic activities are coordinated in a decentralized economy. It starts from the proposition that, in reality, almost all exchanges in an advanced economy involve a specialized trader (“shop owner”) on one side or the other of the market. We add several components to this model so as to make ...
Chapter 16 Money in macroeconomics
... through the gold standard. And under the Bretton-Woods agreement, 194771, the currencies of the developed Western countries outside the United States were convertible into US dollars at a fixed exchange rate (or rather an exchange rate which is adjustable only under specific circumstances); and US d ...
... through the gold standard. And under the Bretton-Woods agreement, 194771, the currencies of the developed Western countries outside the United States were convertible into US dollars at a fixed exchange rate (or rather an exchange rate which is adjustable only under specific circumstances); and US d ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OPTIMAL OPERATIONAL MONETARY POLICY IN THE CHRISTIANO-EICHENBAUM-EVANS MODEL
... In our quest for the optimal monetary policy scheme we restrict attention to what we call operational interest rate rules. By an operational interest-rate rule we mean an interest-rate rule that satisfies three requirements. First, it prescribes that the nominal interest rate is set as a function of ...
... In our quest for the optimal monetary policy scheme we restrict attention to what we call operational interest rate rules. By an operational interest-rate rule we mean an interest-rate rule that satisfies three requirements. First, it prescribes that the nominal interest rate is set as a function of ...
Resolution authorizing the issuance, execution, delivery
... WHEREAS, the Issuer will loan the proceeds from the sale of the Bonds to the Borrower pursuant to the provisions of a Loan Agreement among the Issuer, Grinnell State Bank (the “Bank”) and the Borrower (the "Loan Agreement") dated as of August 1, 2014, pursuant to which the obligations of the Borrowe ...
... WHEREAS, the Issuer will loan the proceeds from the sale of the Bonds to the Borrower pursuant to the provisions of a Loan Agreement among the Issuer, Grinnell State Bank (the “Bank”) and the Borrower (the "Loan Agreement") dated as of August 1, 2014, pursuant to which the obligations of the Borrowe ...
specimen
... Is it fair that the government puts such a high tax on cigarettes? Give reasons for your answer. ...
... Is it fair that the government puts such a high tax on cigarettes? Give reasons for your answer. ...
Interest rate
An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by borrowers (debtors) for the use of money that they borrow from lenders (creditors). Specifically, the interest rate is a percentage of principal paid a certain number of times per period for all periods during the total term of the loan or credit. Interest rates are normally expressed as a percentage of the principal for a period of one year, sometimes they are expressed for different periods such as a month or a day. Different interest rates exist parallelly for the same or comparable time periods, depending on the default probability of the borrower, the residual term, the payback currency, and many more determinants of a loan or credit. For example, a company borrows capital from a bank to buy new assets for its business, and in return the lender receives rights on the new assets as collateral and interest at a predetermined interest rate for deferring the use of funds and instead lending it to the borrower.Interest-rate targets are a vital tool of monetary policy and are taken into account when dealing with variables like investment, inflation, and unemployment. The central banks of countries generally tend to reduce interest rates when they wish to increase investment and consumption in the country's economy. However, a low interest rate as a macro-economic policy can be risky and may lead to the creation of an economic bubble, in which large amounts of investments are poured into the real-estate market and stock market. In developed economies, interest-rate adjustments are thus made to keep inflation within a target range for the health of economic activities or cap the interest rate concurrently with economic growth to safeguard economic momentum.