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The Human Genome
The Human Genome

... humans are known as sex chromosomes, because they determine an individual's sex. • To distinguish them from the sex chromosomes, the remaining 44 chromosomes are known as autosomal chromosomes, or autosomes ...
Option B: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AHL
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... Southern blot analysis for the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. Patient DNA is simultaneously digested with restriction endonucleases EcoR1 and Eag1, blotted to a nylon membrane, and hybridized with a 32P-labeled probe adjacent to exon 1 of FMR1 (see Figure 29.1). Eag1 is a methylation-sensitive res ...
AP Biology Review Chapters 11-12 Review Questions Chapter 11
AP Biology Review Chapters 11-12 Review Questions Chapter 11

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Molecular Biology BCH 361
Molecular Biology BCH 361

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Section 3: DNA is the inherited material responsible for variation

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Ch. 5- complex Genetics thru Mitochondrial DNA

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Griffith/Hershey/Chase

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18.1 Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the DNA Sequence

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Select one of your Biology instructors from another class and look
Select one of your Biology instructors from another class and look

... several times, as appropriate; and some, which are not applicable, may not be used at all. (a) 5' end (b) 3' end (c) Promoter region (d) Attenuator (e) Intron (f) Exon (g) Polyadenylation signal (h) Leader region (i) Ribosome-binding site (j) Translation start codon (k) Translation stop codon (I) 5' ...
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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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