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Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are information
Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are information

Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... Translation is the process through which mRNA produces proteins. mRNA travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it binds with a ribosome (rRNA). As the mRNA codons pass through the ribosome tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids. Amino acids form peptide bonds with one another and cr ...
Different geographic origins of Hb Constant Spring [α2 codon 142
Different geographic origins of Hb Constant Spring [α2 codon 142

... emoglobin Constant Spring (CS) is characterized by an elongated α chain due to a T→C transition of codon 142 of the α2-globin gene. Heterozygosity for this mutation is usually associated with mild anemia, microcytosis and thalassemic red cell morphology. Compound heterozygosity of an α0-thalassemia ...
WHAT SHOULD I KNOW FOR THE TEST
WHAT SHOULD I KNOW FOR THE TEST

... Chapter 11- Introduction to Genetics Who is considered to be the “Father of Genetics”? What was Gregor Mendel’s contribution to our understanding of genetics? What is the relationship between the P1, F1, and F2 generations? What 2 laws did Mendel propose to explain how traits are inherited? When doe ...
Allele: alternative form of a gene, e
Allele: alternative form of a gene, e

... Oncogene: a gene which is associated with the development of cancer. Pharmacogenomics: The science of understanding the correlation between an individual patient's genetic make-up (genotype) and their response to drug treatment. Some drugs work well in some patient populations and not as well in oth ...
lab9 - Java JAVAC
lab9 - Java JAVAC

... Graphical representation of pairs of homologous chromosomes as they appear in metaphase of the cell cycle.  They are arranged from largest to smallest.  The number and structures are then evaluated.  Many chromosomal abnormalities can be discovered this way ...
Chapter 21: Molecular Basis of Cancer
Chapter 21: Molecular Basis of Cancer

... This perception is distorted due to the fact that this is the only method of mutation identification, but this does not mean it is the best for mutation detection ...
36. For which term can fur colour be used as an example? (A
36. For which term can fur colour be used as an example? (A

... 51. In pea plants, tall is dominant over short and purple flowers are dominant over white. 500 offspring were produced from a cross between two pea plants that are both heterozygous for each trait. Approximately, how many of the offspring would be tall with purple flowers? (A) 30 (B) 90 (C) 280 (D) ...
Arabidopsis is Cool
Arabidopsis is Cool

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Genetics Unit Study Guide – Teacher Version
Genetics Unit Study Guide – Teacher Version

... be produced? In what ratio? It would not be possible to have two long-haired parents (hh) to have a short-haired offspring. 35. Diabetes is thought to be inherited as a recessive (d) trait. Two people without diabetes have a diabetic child. What are the genotypes of the parents and of the offspring? ...
Molecular Biology DNA Expression
Molecular Biology DNA Expression

Epigenetics
Epigenetics

... • Their single X can be either maternal or paternal in origin • The ones with a maternal X are much more likely to have the social problems • All boys have a maternally-derived X • So, there could be imprinted gene(s) on the X, which are involved in social function • When maternally inherited this c ...
Birth Defects - Haiku for Ignatius
Birth Defects - Haiku for Ignatius

... • 120,000 babies are born each year in the U.S. with some birth defect • Birth Defects are the leading cause of infant deaths • They account for more than 20% of all infant deaths • Medical costs exceed 1.4 billion annually ...
Exercise - GEP Community Server
Exercise - GEP Community Server

... In your lectures, you learned about whole genome shotgun sequencing and mapping strategies for obtaining genomic sequences, but what happens once those sequences are obtained? They are basically long lists of A’s, C’s, T’s and G’s which need to be searched to find genes, repetitive DNA regions and o ...
Statement of purpose
Statement of purpose

... Transcriptional control of L-arabinose metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. The AraR (B. subtilis) protein is a transcription factor (TF) belonging to the GnTR family of regulators. AraR is responsible for repressing genes that are involved in arabinose metabolism through binding to seven distinct opera ...
Dangerously Thin: A case study on the Genetic Code
Dangerously Thin: A case study on the Genetic Code

... appointment for a complete physical, so he knew that in a few days he would be able to have his physician look at his leg. Dr. Strickland had been the Blake family doctor for more than 40 years. Knowing that Henry had planned to do some traveling, Dr. Strickland opened with a question that Henry ini ...
Chap3 Recombinant DNA
Chap3 Recombinant DNA

... Objectives: (1) for DNA sequencing; (2) isolation of genes that encode the proteins ...
Diagnose the Patient: Genetic Disorder
Diagnose the Patient: Genetic Disorder

... Part 1: Read patient M.J.'s history Patient M.J. is a 19 year-old African-American male. M.J. reports feeling well most of the time, but he also reports that odd events have been reoccurring recently. For instance, one day after a short swim he became so tired that he could hardly move. He became sh ...
In the Womb Questions
In the Womb Questions

... 5. Not all of the DNA is the same between identical twins. Which is different? ...
Eukaryotic Genomes Chapter 19
Eukaryotic Genomes Chapter 19

... ► The agent of such changes can be random spontaneous mutations or environmental influences such as chemical carcinogens or physical mutagens. ► Cancer-causing genes, oncogenes, were initially discovered in retroviruses, but close counterparts, proto-oncogenes were found in other organisms. ...
history of genetics
history of genetics

... which cause pneumonia. Of the two strains he studied, one had a sugar coat and one did not. The coated strain causes pneumonia and is called the smooth (S) strain. The noncoated strain does not cause pneumonia and is called rough (R) strain because, without the coat, the bacteria colonies have rough ...
Asbury Park School District
Asbury Park School District

... Mutations and Protein Folding: Students model transcription and translation using pencil and paper and then construct a model protein. They then analyze the effects of a mutation on their model protein. Each student or group of students will research a disorder caused by a genetic mutation and prese ...
DNA Structure and Function
DNA Structure and Function

... Repair of Mistakes • Enzymes proofread DNA sequences during DNA replication and repair damaged DNA – Mismatch repair enzymes replace incorrectly paired nucleotides – Nucleotide excision repair enzymes chop out incorrect or damaged bases ...
BIOL 112 – Principles of Zoology
BIOL 112 – Principles of Zoology

...  Spontaneous mutation - occurs in nature without the addition of a mutagen  Induced mutation – caused by a mutagen  Point mutation – change of 1 nucleotide  Insertion/Deletion – base added or deleted  Frameshift mutation – loss or addition of a nucleotide alters the codon reading frame  Forwar ...
Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by
Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by

... chemicals can increase the frequency of mutations that occur within the population. _________________________ ...
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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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