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A Physiological Approach to DNA Music
A Physiological Approach to DNA Music

... invariably DNA, whereas some viruses use RNA as their genetic material. DNA molecules are comprised of long chains consisting of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). In RNA, the thymine is replaced by uridine (U). The bases are linked to each other by phosphodiester c ...
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Unit 12 Handout - Chavis Biology

... v. Why is the fact that DNA has a negative charge so important in the gel electrophoresis process? ...
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... Expressivity is the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype  This can be caused by modifier genes  Examples: ...
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...  Males - homozygous for the X chromosome, having only one copy. As a result, X-linked dominant disorders usually show higher expressivity in males than females. ...
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... State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size. State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling. Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations. Analyse DNA ...
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DNA ppt notes 2015

...  DNA degraded to fragments only a few hundred base pairs in length can serve as effective templates for amplification.  Large numbers of copies of specific DNA sequences can be amplified simultaneously with multiplex PCR reactions.  Commercial kits are now available for easy PCR reaction setup an ...
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isolation and sequencing of a genomic dna encoding for ascorbat
isolation and sequencing of a genomic dna encoding for ascorbat

... present paper was the isolation and characterization of AO4 gene which is also involved in AO biosynthesis. A melon genomic library, built up by CLONTECH, was used to isolate and characterize the genomic DNA clones encoding AO synthesis. Melon fruits were used as DNA source and the λ-EMBL-3 phage, w ...
How Genes and Genomes Evolve
How Genes and Genomes Evolve

... Review from last time • DNA cloning is the process of taking fragments of DNA and inserting them into appropriate DNA vectors, usually plasmids – The DNA is usually fragmented with REs. The vector must have a complementary end in order to incorporate the fragment – The vector usually consists of a ...
Genes are `coded instructions` for making proteins and that DNA is
Genes are `coded instructions` for making proteins and that DNA is

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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