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Heredity
Heredity

... • Example: a woman pregnant for the first time at age 35 may want to know if her baby has trisomy-21 (Down syndrome) ...
Prentice Hall Biology
Prentice Hall Biology

... 1. Do you think that cells produce all the proteins for which the DNA (genes) code? Why or why not? How do the proteins made affect the type and function of cells? Cells do not make all of the proteins for which they have genes (DNA). The structure and function of each cell are determined by the typ ...
zdar_report - Princeton University
zdar_report - Princeton University

... sample was obtained before I joined the lab. The transformer on the top of the pole leaked a little, thus contaminating the soil underneath. This soil sample was stored at 4ºC. Foremost, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) had to be extracted from the soil sample and purified, so that there would be no cont ...
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Lecture 20  DNA Repair and Genetic Recombination
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Introns - May contain genes expressed independently of the exons they fall between. Many introns code for small nuclear RNAs (snoRNAs). These accumulate in the nucleolus, and may play a role in ribosome assembly. Thus the introns cut out of premRNA, may play a role in producing, or regulating produc ...
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central themes in physiology

... and anatomic adaptations are genetically based, i.e. these are in germ line. And these pass from one generation to the next. Animals inherit information in the form of DNA. Mutation (spontaneous alteration) occurs in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that cause alteration in RNA and then proteins. Muta ...
Promoters - Pennsylvania State University
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Chapter 11 Study Guide
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... Distinguish between the terms gene, allele, character, and trait. Distinguish between a dominant and a recessive allele. Distinguish between phenotype and genotype. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance, A. Using the character of fur color in tigers (blue is d ...
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DNA Structure and Function
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Mutations - year13bio
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Protocol for inserting transgene using Tn7 (6/1/06) This system uses

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Chromosome Wrap-up
Chromosome Wrap-up

... born. (fairly common) Symptoms include sparse facial hair, inability to form sperm (infertility but sexuality is “normal”), learning difficulties Klinefelter caused by a mistake in segregation of the X chromosome at or soon after conception. When the mistake occurs after conception, Klinefelter boys ...
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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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