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... 7) All papaya and date palm plants produce flowers yet only few papaya and date palm seen to produce fruit. What could be the possible reason for the rest not producing them? Ans.Papaya and date are dioecious plants. 8) Often the number of male gametes produced in an organism is in large number as ...
... 7) All papaya and date palm plants produce flowers yet only few papaya and date palm seen to produce fruit. What could be the possible reason for the rest not producing them? Ans.Papaya and date are dioecious plants. 8) Often the number of male gametes produced in an organism is in large number as ...
Identification and isolation of active N2O reducers in rice paddy soil
... Evaluation of the soil microcosm. Based on the preliminary experiments, all of the added N2O disappeared within 24 h of incubation when <2% N2O was added (data not shown). Since N2O should always be present to minimize utilization of succinate by metal reducers, the concentration of N2O should be >2 ...
... Evaluation of the soil microcosm. Based on the preliminary experiments, all of the added N2O disappeared within 24 h of incubation when <2% N2O was added (data not shown). Since N2O should always be present to minimize utilization of succinate by metal reducers, the concentration of N2O should be >2 ...
Two supernumerary marker chromosomes
... one additional chromosome fragment before. Callen et al. (1991) described a patient with two marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 6 (ring formation) and the X chromosome afflicted with dysmorphic features, microcephaly, delayed development, and seizures. The other proband, identified by Aalfs ...
... one additional chromosome fragment before. Callen et al. (1991) described a patient with two marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 6 (ring formation) and the X chromosome afflicted with dysmorphic features, microcephaly, delayed development, and seizures. The other proband, identified by Aalfs ...
Optimal estimation of diffusion coefficients from single
... derived based on the much simpler statistics of the singletime-lapse displacements [19,20]. This estimator is known to be optimal, asymptotically, in the limit of infinitely long time series. There it is unbiased and as precise as is possible: Its variance is as small as the Cramér-Rao bound [18]. ...
... derived based on the much simpler statistics of the singletime-lapse displacements [19,20]. This estimator is known to be optimal, asymptotically, in the limit of infinitely long time series. There it is unbiased and as precise as is possible: Its variance is as small as the Cramér-Rao bound [18]. ...
TIB_34 - Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research
... conditions for both sexes in Reps 1-3 (see Table 5 and 6). Additionally, disregarding the effect of the environment in which the selections were practiced, the crowded testing conditions produced a significantly greater mean in both sexes for Reps 1,3 and 4 (see Tables 5 and 7). These results imply ...
... conditions for both sexes in Reps 1-3 (see Table 5 and 6). Additionally, disregarding the effect of the environment in which the selections were practiced, the crowded testing conditions produced a significantly greater mean in both sexes for Reps 1,3 and 4 (see Tables 5 and 7). These results imply ...
Properties of Mitotic and Meiotic Recombination in the
... concluded that most recombination events are initiated in G1 of the cell cycle. This conclusion was unexpected since Rad52p foci (indicative of DNA damage) are much more common in the S-period and G2 than in G1 (Lisby et al., 2001). In addition, repair of DSBs by HR is inefficient in G1 (Aylon et al ...
... concluded that most recombination events are initiated in G1 of the cell cycle. This conclusion was unexpected since Rad52p foci (indicative of DNA damage) are much more common in the S-period and G2 than in G1 (Lisby et al., 2001). In addition, repair of DSBs by HR is inefficient in G1 (Aylon et al ...
hag expression in Bacillus subtilis is both negatively
... ml21 and incubation continued for 2.5 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and the pellet was washed with 1 ml buffer containing 25 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4. The pellet was resuspended in 500 ml buffer containing 25 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, and cells were lysed by lysozyme treatment at 30 uC for 15 min, ...
... ml21 and incubation continued for 2.5 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and the pellet was washed with 1 ml buffer containing 25 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4. The pellet was resuspended in 500 ml buffer containing 25 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, and cells were lysed by lysozyme treatment at 30 uC for 15 min, ...
Control of DNA excision efficiency in Paramecium
... micronuclei undergo meiosis, whereas the macronuclei degenerate. The fusion of two gametic nuclei produces a zygotic nucleus. This nucleus divides twice and the daughter nuclei then differentiate into a micronucleus or a macronucleus. In the second case, the whole genome is processed through chromos ...
... micronuclei undergo meiosis, whereas the macronuclei degenerate. The fusion of two gametic nuclei produces a zygotic nucleus. This nucleus divides twice and the daughter nuclei then differentiate into a micronucleus or a macronucleus. In the second case, the whole genome is processed through chromos ...
Deep Insight Section The vagaries of non-traditional mendelian Aa = aa !
... Some were discovered because of reduction to homozygosity causing recessive traits, while others involved imprinted domains and disrupted them. ...
... Some were discovered because of reduction to homozygosity causing recessive traits, while others involved imprinted domains and disrupted them. ...
Youngson and Whitelaw, 2008
... the establishment of epigenetic state can be influenced by environmental factors (33, 40, 129). To ensure the totipotency of the zygote and to prevent perpetuation of abnormal epigenetic states, most gene regulatory, i.e., epigenetic, information is not transferred between generations. Several mechan ...
... the establishment of epigenetic state can be influenced by environmental factors (33, 40, 129). To ensure the totipotency of the zygote and to prevent perpetuation of abnormal epigenetic states, most gene regulatory, i.e., epigenetic, information is not transferred between generations. Several mechan ...
Design-O-Saur - Beyond Benign
... Pre-requisite knowledge: Cell structure/function, DNA and RNA structure and protein synthesis, basic understanding of mutations of DNA, Cell division processes - mitosis and meiosis, Genetics and inheritance, traits, Mendelian genetics rules, Gene Expression Objective: Students will… Decode provid ...
... Pre-requisite knowledge: Cell structure/function, DNA and RNA structure and protein synthesis, basic understanding of mutations of DNA, Cell division processes - mitosis and meiosis, Genetics and inheritance, traits, Mendelian genetics rules, Gene Expression Objective: Students will… Decode provid ...
Epigenetic Regulation ofbdnfGene Transcription in the
... II, IV, VI, and IX (see Fig. 2 A). This was expected, because region-specific DNA methylation is primarily found in 5⬘-CpG-3⬘-dinucleotides within promoters or in the first exon of genes (Goll and Bestor, 2005). Methylation-specific and unmethylated PCR primers were designed to target putative CpG i ...
... II, IV, VI, and IX (see Fig. 2 A). This was expected, because region-specific DNA methylation is primarily found in 5⬘-CpG-3⬘-dinucleotides within promoters or in the first exon of genes (Goll and Bestor, 2005). Methylation-specific and unmethylated PCR primers were designed to target putative CpG i ...
Chance and Necessity in Arthur Peacocke`s Scientific Work
... DNA damage. More importantly, these dyes and how they bind to DNA gave important clues about the actual structure-function relationship of the DNA molecule. As an aside, it is interesting to note that the very dyes that were used in Peacocke’s pioneering studies with DNA structure are still used in ...
... DNA damage. More importantly, these dyes and how they bind to DNA gave important clues about the actual structure-function relationship of the DNA molecule. As an aside, it is interesting to note that the very dyes that were used in Peacocke’s pioneering studies with DNA structure are still used in ...
Probable presence of an ubiquitous cryptic mitochondrial gene on
... organisms. These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Despite a disparity in gene content, all mtDNAs encode at least two components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, including cytochrome c oxidase ...
... organisms. These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Despite a disparity in gene content, all mtDNAs encode at least two components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, including cytochrome c oxidase ...
Xq28 duplications
... genes which may be thought of as individual instruction booklets (or recipes) that contain all the genetic information that tells the body how to develop, grow and function. Chromosomes (and hence genes) usually come in pairs with one member of each chromosome pair being inherited from each parent. ...
... genes which may be thought of as individual instruction booklets (or recipes) that contain all the genetic information that tells the body how to develop, grow and function. Chromosomes (and hence genes) usually come in pairs with one member of each chromosome pair being inherited from each parent. ...
Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
... Figure 8: When one chromosome undergoes an inversion but the other does not, one chromosome must form an inverted loop to retain point-for-point interaction during synapsis. This inversion pairing is essential to maintaining gene alignment during meiosis and to allow for recombination. ...
... Figure 8: When one chromosome undergoes an inversion but the other does not, one chromosome must form an inverted loop to retain point-for-point interaction during synapsis. This inversion pairing is essential to maintaining gene alignment during meiosis and to allow for recombination. ...
The virulence plasmids of Salmonella
... orf9, rck, and orf11 are regulated by a chromosomal gene homologous to sdiA of E. coli, and renamed these ORFs srgA, srgB, and srgC (sdiA-regulated genes). In E. coli, SdiA is a quorum sensor, but the role of its homolog in S. typhimurium has not been established. In both E. coli and S. typhimurium, ...
... orf9, rck, and orf11 are regulated by a chromosomal gene homologous to sdiA of E. coli, and renamed these ORFs srgA, srgB, and srgC (sdiA-regulated genes). In E. coli, SdiA is a quorum sensor, but the role of its homolog in S. typhimurium has not been established. In both E. coli and S. typhimurium, ...
CHROMOTHRIPSIS FROM DNA DAMAGE IN MICRONUCLEI The
... Genome sequencing has uncovered a new mutational phenomenon in cancer and congenital disorders called chromothripsis. Chromothripsis is characterized by extensive genomic rearrangements and an oscillating pattern of DNA copy number levels, all curiously restricted to one or a few chromosomes. The me ...
... Genome sequencing has uncovered a new mutational phenomenon in cancer and congenital disorders called chromothripsis. Chromothripsis is characterized by extensive genomic rearrangements and an oscillating pattern of DNA copy number levels, all curiously restricted to one or a few chromosomes. The me ...
The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives
... of endogenous production of ROS with the onset of cellular oxygen respiration via (proto-) mitochondria [1]. Strong arguments for this hypothesis are that the core genes involved in meiosis have homologues in prokaryotes [22,23]. Several proteins belong to a ‘core’ meiosis-specific subset typically ...
... of endogenous production of ROS with the onset of cellular oxygen respiration via (proto-) mitochondria [1]. Strong arguments for this hypothesis are that the core genes involved in meiosis have homologues in prokaryotes [22,23]. Several proteins belong to a ‘core’ meiosis-specific subset typically ...
Development and characterization of DehaloR^2, a novel anaerobic
... wealth of novel chlorinated ethene-respiring bacteria. Various strains of Dehalococcoides sp. are the only identified bacteria to date capable of performing complete dechlorination to ethene (Taş et al. 2009). Previously reported chlorinated ethene-respiring microbial consortia studied in marine sed ...
... wealth of novel chlorinated ethene-respiring bacteria. Various strains of Dehalococcoides sp. are the only identified bacteria to date capable of performing complete dechlorination to ethene (Taş et al. 2009). Previously reported chlorinated ethene-respiring microbial consortia studied in marine sed ...
Genome Visualisation and Annotation Tools: Artemis and ACT
... The graphs can be used to look at other regions within the genome that stand out by having an atypical G+C content or Karlin signature (di-nucleotide frequency). You will see from the whole genome view of S. Typhi that there are many other examples of anomalous regions of DNA within a genome, many o ...
... The graphs can be used to look at other regions within the genome that stand out by having an atypical G+C content or Karlin signature (di-nucleotide frequency). You will see from the whole genome view of S. Typhi that there are many other examples of anomalous regions of DNA within a genome, many o ...
Trichothiodystrophy: Update on the sulfur
... of the XPD gene. Rarely, mutated XPB gene or an unidentified TTD-A gene may result in TTD. In UVsensitive TTD, the TFIIH transcription factor containing XPB and XPD helicase activities necessary for both transcription initiation and DNA repair is damaged. Beyond deficiency in the NER pathway, it is ...
... of the XPD gene. Rarely, mutated XPB gene or an unidentified TTD-A gene may result in TTD. In UVsensitive TTD, the TFIIH transcription factor containing XPB and XPD helicase activities necessary for both transcription initiation and DNA repair is damaged. Beyond deficiency in the NER pathway, it is ...
Imprinting and Seed Development
... Scott et al. (1998) also found that the source of the extra parental genome(s) affected the seed phenotype in interploidy crosses of Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis is able to produce viable seeds from a 4x 3 2x cross or a 2x 3 4x cross. However, these seeds are abnormal and exhibit reciprocal phenotypes. ...
... Scott et al. (1998) also found that the source of the extra parental genome(s) affected the seed phenotype in interploidy crosses of Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis is able to produce viable seeds from a 4x 3 2x cross or a 2x 3 4x cross. However, these seeds are abnormal and exhibit reciprocal phenotypes. ...
Extrachromosomal DNA
Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.