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The Theaetetus as a Superior Apology.
The Theaetetus as a Superior Apology.

... the theories of others to support or counter those put forth by the interlocutors, then test the ideas with reason alone (157c; Giannopoulou 44). He proclaims, “I myself am barren of wisdom… I am in not any sense a wise man; I cannot claim as the child of my own soul any discovery worth the name of ...
drnous2
drnous2

... unknowable reality.2 Only recently has a rigorous investigation been undertaken into Dummett’s arguments concerning the metaphysical and epistemic presuppositions of classical logic. As a result of this investigation, a number of philosophers have professed inability to discern even prima facie vali ...
The Logic of Logical Revision
The Logic of Logical Revision

... Prior to considering Tennant and Salerno’s attempts to formalize Dummett’s arguments, a few general considerations must be raised. Most importantly, one might hold that there is a sense in which one cannot fully formalize arguments for logical revision. All of the arguments under consideration in th ...
Why did Hume call his Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals
Why did Hume call his Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals

... apparently given up deep thinking for pleasant and successful writing, remarking that ‘few men of letters have been at heart so vain and greedy of fame as was Hume.’ (GG, vol. 3, History of the Editions, p. 36) Turning to contemporary Hume scholarship, Beauchamp, begins his editorial Preface to the ...
An Argument For A Neutral Free Logic
An Argument For A Neutral Free Logic

... suggestions that the speaker is lying, jesting, speaking sarcastically, or otherwise non-literally. The word ‗really‘ does not change the truth value of a sentence to which it is added. An argument that is given in some version by Thomas Hofweber, Steven Schiffer, and Kit Fine, I call the triviality ...
Pascal`s Wager is a Lie: An Epistemic Interpretation of the
Pascal`s Wager is a Lie: An Epistemic Interpretation of the

... In entertaining and evaluating all of these objections scholars treat the Wager as an isolated, mathematical proposition and subject it to the logical and mathematical rigor associated with modern mathematics and rationality. However, this is not how Pascal intended the passage to be treated. As Jam ...
The Zombie Argument - Utrecht University Repository
The Zombie Argument - Utrecht University Repository

... Philosophy of Mind is a discipline in philosophy, which is mostly concerned with the famous mind-body problem, brought forward by René Descartes in his Meditations. This problem is a fundamental one, as it is concerned with the question what we human beings consist of. Do we consist of two entities ...
Getting Priority Straight
Getting Priority Straight

... idea, these explanations thereby confer ontological sparsity. The priority theorist holds that, since the existence and features of raindrops can be explained solely by reference to the existence and features of other things, the world is no more ontologically lush for containing raindrops than it i ...
Scepticism with regard to Reason* David Owen, University of
Scepticism with regard to Reason* David Owen, University of

... sometimes seen people make mistakes in such matters and accept as certain... things which seemed false to us.”10 The argument is similar to Hume’s first negative argument: since we are fallible, and make mistakes, we can’t accept as certain even the results of demonstrations. An awareness of the un ...
Reid`s defense of common sense - Scholars Archive
Reid`s defense of common sense - Scholars Archive

... a doubt concerning them” (Inq, ch.  §, p. ). The track record of perception has been good, and without perception we would never have come so far as to be able to entertain the possibility of doubt. Before taking up the question of scepticism, we have already put trust in our faculties. It is ...
The One Fallacy Theory
The One Fallacy Theory

... "speculative," by which he meant it is hypothetico-explicative. We put forward our philosophical theories as hypotheses, argue from them boldly, and see how they work out. Still, it seemed to me that Whitehead was also misled by this idea. Philosophy is also deductive. A philosophical theory is not ...
Jani Hakkarainen. Hume`s Scepticism and Realism: His Two
Jani Hakkarainen. Hume`s Scepticism and Realism: His Two

Analyzing Plato`s Arguments
Analyzing Plato`s Arguments

... of all, Plato writes dialogues; and it is often unclear which character, if any, in a given dialogue speaks for Plato. Secondly, when a character in a dialogue advances a thesis, it is often unclear what the thesis is. And, finally, when a thesis is backed up by an argument, crucial premises are oft ...
Against the Idols of the Age
Against the Idols of the Age

... University revealed biases in appointments. When he wrote that a philosopher in the ...
Govier`s Distinguishing A Priori from Inductive Arguments by
Govier`s Distinguishing A Priori from Inductive Arguments by

... One may ask how these a priori warrants are backed. If it is self-evident that from an act’s involving ingesting something which has been in someone else’s body we may infer (ceteris paribus) that the act is one that no person can be compelled to perform, then the warrant is self-backed. It needs no ...
The Relevance of Kant's Objection to Anselm's Ontological Argument
The Relevance of Kant's Objection to Anselm's Ontological Argument

... well – the object simply fails to exist there. So the object would have no greatness there either. Then (2) could be true without it being possible that an object has some properties (such as omniscience and omnipotence) while lacking existence. I want instead to focus on (1), the assumption that Go ...
Substantive Syllogisms - Scholarship at UWindsor
Substantive Syllogisms - Scholarship at UWindsor

... this paper, I want to focus on the use that Thomas Aquinas makes of the syllogism to explore and develop Aristotle's ideas about a doctrine found in a familiar passage from the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics. "If, then, there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake (e ...
Syllogism - University of Windsor
Syllogism - University of Windsor

... this paper, I want to focus on the use that Thomas Aquinas makes of the syllogism to explore and develop Aristotle's ideas about a doctrine found in a familiar passage from the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics. "If, then, there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake (e ...
Kant`s Pre-Critical Proof for God`s Existence
Kant`s Pre-Critical Proof for God`s Existence

... Kant continued to lecture his entire academic career. It both criticizes and critically appropriates elements from that tradition in an attempt to work out a better theory of possibility than that on offer in those books. The failure of Kant (and his successors down to the twentieth century) to jus ...
One`s modus ponens is another`s modus tollens: Why
One`s modus ponens is another`s modus tollens: Why

... After all, TP entails the negation of (C2), i.e., (P3). To assume otherwise is to beg the question against physicalists. To see why, consider the morning star and the evening star. They are one and the same, i.e., the planet Venus, which is why the morning star is the evening star in every possible ...
On the Logic of the Ontological Argument
On the Logic of the Ontological Argument

... one infer ∃zψ from ψzıxϕ without this same assumption. Without such restrictions, one could infer P ıxQx directly from ∀zP z, for example. But such an inference would move one from truth to falsehood in models where everything is in the extension of the predicate ‘P ’ and nothing (or more than one t ...
All About Arguments I. What is an Argument? II
All About Arguments I. What is an Argument? II

... A questionable assumption is one that is controversial and one for which there is no general consensus among the vast majority of those with the appropriate knowledge or experience. A claim does not become questionable just because you or anyone else questions it; otherwise all claims would be quest ...
Kant`s Critique of the Ontological Argument: FAIL
Kant`s Critique of the Ontological Argument: FAIL

... inevitably prove to be inadequate to the dialectical weight they are intended to carry, whereas reconstructions that do lead the indicated conclusion inevitably turn out to be fallacious. Those that claim to have achieved both inevitably prove to be as unintelligible as the texts they are intended t ...
Basic Concepts and Distinctions - The University of Texas at Arlington
Basic Concepts and Distinctions - The University of Texas at Arlington

... Sentences, unlike propositions, are linguistic entities, which means that they are always in particular languages, such as English, German, Swahili, or Latin. Propositions, which are in no particular language, are what indicative (declarative) sentences express, assert, or signify.12 Two different i ...
John Francis Nieto - Thomas Aquinas College
John Francis Nieto - Thomas Aquinas College

... every way honest, sound, and trusty, then a little later finding him worthless and doubtful, and this happening again another time. And when someone suffers this often and from those whom most of all he thought nearest and best, ending up often offended he hates all men and thinks nothing good at al ...
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Teleological argument

The teleological or physico-theological argument, also known as the argument from design, or intelligent design argument is an argument for the existence of God or, more generally, for an intelligent creator ""based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural or physical world"". It is historically closely associated with the concept of Natural Theology.The earliest recorded versions of this argument are associated with Socrates in ancient Greece, although it has been argued that he was taking up an older argument. Plato, his student, and Aristotle, Plato's student, developed complex approaches to the proposal that the cosmos has an intelligent cause, but it was the Stoics who, under their influence, ""developed the battery of creationist arguments broadly known under the label ""The Argument from Design"""".Socratic philosophy influenced the development of the Abrahamic religions in many ways, and the teleological argument has a long association with them. In the Middle Ages, Islamic theologians such as Al Ghazali used the argument, although it was rejected as unnecessary by Quranic literalists, and as unconvincing by many Islamic philosophers. Later, the teleological argument was accepted by Saint Thomas Aquinas' and included as the fifth of his ""Five Ways"" of proving the existence of God. In early modern England clergymen such as William Turner and John Ray were well-known proponents. In the early 18th century, William Derham published his Physico-Theology, which gave his ""demonstration of the being and attributes of God from his works of creation"". Later, William Paley, in his 1802 work on natural theology, published a prominent presentation of the design argument with his version of the watchmaker analogy and the first use of the phrase ""argument from design"".From the beginning, there have been numerous criticisms of the different versions of the teleological argument, and responses to its challenge to the claims against non-teleological natural science. Especially important were the general logical arguments made by David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, published 1779, and the explanation of biological complexity given in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in 1859. Since the 1960s, Paley's arguments, including the words ""intelligent design"", have been influential in the development of a creation science movement, especially the form known as the intelligent design movement, which not only uses the teleological argument to argue against the modern Darwinian understanding of evolution, but also makes the philosophical claim that it can provide a basis for scientific proof of the divine origin of biological species.Also starting already in classical Greece, two approaches to the teleological argument developed, distinguished by their understanding of whether the natural order was literally created or not. The non-creationist approach starts most clearly with Aristotle, although many thinkers, such as the Neoplatonists, believed it was already intended by Plato. This approach is not creationist in a simple sense, because while it agrees that a cosmic intelligence is responsible for the natural order, it rejects the proposal that this requires a ""creator"" to physically make and maintain this order. The Neoplatonists did not find the teleological argument convincing, and in this they were followed by medieval philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna. Later, Averroes and Thomas Aquinas considered the argument acceptable, but not necessarily the best argument. In contrast to the approach of such philosophers and theologians, the intelligent design movement makes a creationist claim for an intelligence that intervenes in the natural order.
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