Lecture 19A. DNA computing
... DNA to RNA Remember the structure of DNA and chromosomes. There are multiple genes on each DNA strand that spans the chromosome. When the time comes to make a certain protein from the code of a certain gene, the cell does not need to read the whole DNA strand. Instead, it only reads that gene, this ...
... DNA to RNA Remember the structure of DNA and chromosomes. There are multiple genes on each DNA strand that spans the chromosome. When the time comes to make a certain protein from the code of a certain gene, the cell does not need to read the whole DNA strand. Instead, it only reads that gene, this ...
Bacterial Genetics
... •The same basic process in the mitochondria as in many bacteria. •High energy electrons from an electron donor are used to pump H+ ions out of the cell, into the periplasmic space •This drains energy from the electrons ...
... •The same basic process in the mitochondria as in many bacteria. •High energy electrons from an electron donor are used to pump H+ ions out of the cell, into the periplasmic space •This drains energy from the electrons ...
國立彰化師範大學100 學年度碩士班招生考試試題
... 17. Which of the following is true about snRNPs? (A) They are made up of both DNA and proteins. (B) They bind to splice sites at each end of the exon. (C) They joint together to form the spliceosome. (D) They act only in the cytosol. 18. Which of the following can not bind DNA? (A) Greek key β-barre ...
... 17. Which of the following is true about snRNPs? (A) They are made up of both DNA and proteins. (B) They bind to splice sites at each end of the exon. (C) They joint together to form the spliceosome. (D) They act only in the cytosol. 18. Which of the following can not bind DNA? (A) Greek key β-barre ...
22(L)/S/O - India Environment Portal
... Recent discoveries have substantially changed, if not overturned, this belief. Now it has been found that besides doing this, RNA molecules regulate many important processes, including shutting off the blue-print carrying genes themselves. DNA carries the genetic code in the form of precise sequence ...
... Recent discoveries have substantially changed, if not overturned, this belief. Now it has been found that besides doing this, RNA molecules regulate many important processes, including shutting off the blue-print carrying genes themselves. DNA carries the genetic code in the form of precise sequence ...
第三章 核酸的结构和功能
... • Methylation can occur at different sites on G or A. • 5’-cap can be bound with CBP, benefiting transporting from nucleus to cytoplasm. • 5’-cap can be recognized by translation initiation factor. ...
... • Methylation can occur at different sites on G or A. • 5’-cap can be bound with CBP, benefiting transporting from nucleus to cytoplasm. • 5’-cap can be recognized by translation initiation factor. ...
video slide
... Only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA, and tRNA A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two points: mRNA translation and chromatin configuration ...
... Only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA, and tRNA A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two points: mRNA translation and chromatin configuration ...
2014
... Indicate the tRNA anticodon sequences (correctly labeling 5' and 3' ends) that would recognize each of the six codons for this minimal number of tRNA molecules: Anticodon sequence (label polarity) 3'-GCI-5' or 3'-GCG-5' ...
... Indicate the tRNA anticodon sequences (correctly labeling 5' and 3' ends) that would recognize each of the six codons for this minimal number of tRNA molecules: Anticodon sequence (label polarity) 3'-GCI-5' or 3'-GCG-5' ...
Biology (Bio 315) S
... second AUG making it appear as thought the protein was smaller than it should have been. Thus, the protein size of the mitochondrial proteins was overestimated. B. At the time of the above studies it was not realized that there was a 5' untranslated region in the mRNA’s of mitochondrial proteins. Th ...
... second AUG making it appear as thought the protein was smaller than it should have been. Thus, the protein size of the mitochondrial proteins was overestimated. B. At the time of the above studies it was not realized that there was a 5' untranslated region in the mRNA’s of mitochondrial proteins. Th ...
Topic 1: Cell biology (15 hours)
... 8. Application: The promoter as an example of nonGuidance: RNA polymerase adds the 5 ́ end of the coding DNA with a function. free RNA nucleotide to the 3 ́ end of the growing 9. Skill: Analysis of changes in the DNA methylation mRNA molecule. patterns. 3. Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription ...
... 8. Application: The promoter as an example of nonGuidance: RNA polymerase adds the 5 ́ end of the coding DNA with a function. free RNA nucleotide to the 3 ́ end of the growing 9. Skill: Analysis of changes in the DNA methylation mRNA molecule. patterns. 3. Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription ...
Transcriptional Control of Estrogen Receptor in
... carcinoma cell lines were used in these experiments, both of which were derived from malignant effusions. The MCF-7 cell line was used as a representative line which has retained ER expression (8). MDAMB-231 cells were used as a breast cancer line which lacks receptor expression (9). Cytoplasmic RNA ...
... carcinoma cell lines were used in these experiments, both of which were derived from malignant effusions. The MCF-7 cell line was used as a representative line which has retained ER expression (8). MDAMB-231 cells were used as a breast cancer line which lacks receptor expression (9). Cytoplasmic RNA ...
1 Transcription in eukaryotes Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
... In studies RNA polymerases were used to transcribe various genes. Purified polymerases were shown to transcribe certain genes, but not others in vitro. RNA polymerase I – makes rRNA RNA polymerase II – makes heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNAs) and small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) hnRNAs – precursors of mRN ...
... In studies RNA polymerases were used to transcribe various genes. Purified polymerases were shown to transcribe certain genes, but not others in vitro. RNA polymerase I – makes rRNA RNA polymerase II – makes heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNAs) and small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) hnRNAs – precursors of mRN ...
lec03-1
... 1. The groups of factors that act in conjunction with RNA polymerase II (1). General factors (2). Upstream factors (3). Inducible factors 2. The nucleosome (1). Unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA a. First phase (~40 bp) - reversible b. The second phase- irreversible melting c. Cooperative binding of fact ...
... 1. The groups of factors that act in conjunction with RNA polymerase II (1). General factors (2). Upstream factors (3). Inducible factors 2. The nucleosome (1). Unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA a. First phase (~40 bp) - reversible b. The second phase- irreversible melting c. Cooperative binding of fact ...
Reporter constructs are a tool for studying gene regulation
... Three polymerases recognize three classes of promoters Trans-acting proteins control class II promoters Chromatin structure affects gene expression ...
... Three polymerases recognize three classes of promoters Trans-acting proteins control class II promoters Chromatin structure affects gene expression ...
first of Chapter 11: Gene Regulation
... lac operon model • 2 kinds of genes: structural, regulatory elements. • Polycistronic structural genes, with promoter and operator constitute the lac operon. • Promoter mutants make no lac mRNA. • lacI gene makes a repressor, which binds to the operator. • When operator is ‘repressed’ no transcript ...
... lac operon model • 2 kinds of genes: structural, regulatory elements. • Polycistronic structural genes, with promoter and operator constitute the lac operon. • Promoter mutants make no lac mRNA. • lacI gene makes a repressor, which binds to the operator. • When operator is ‘repressed’ no transcript ...
Genes: Definition and Structure
... Then, the protein-synthesizing machinery – consisting of ribosomes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and a variety of protein enzymes and ‘factors’ – uses the mRNA template to direct the synthesis of a protein, a process called translation. The DNA of the chromosome contains many genes lined up one after anot ...
... Then, the protein-synthesizing machinery – consisting of ribosomes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and a variety of protein enzymes and ‘factors’ – uses the mRNA template to direct the synthesis of a protein, a process called translation. The DNA of the chromosome contains many genes lined up one after anot ...
Exam II
... liver cells. You hypothesize that the Hrt1 gene product is regulated in one of the following ways: -- 1) whether the mRNA is translated or not -- 2) whether the protein product is stable or immediately completely degraded -- 3) whether the gene is transcribed or not -- 4) whether the protein product ...
... liver cells. You hypothesize that the Hrt1 gene product is regulated in one of the following ways: -- 1) whether the mRNA is translated or not -- 2) whether the protein product is stable or immediately completely degraded -- 3) whether the gene is transcribed or not -- 4) whether the protein product ...
ASCB2004 - Clinical Neurophysiology
... mechanical ventilation. However, the mechanisms underlying AQM are poorly understood, but clinical studies have shown a complete or partial loss of the motor protein myosin and a block of myosin synthesis at the transcriptional level. The diagnosis of AQM is typically made after the disease has prog ...
... mechanical ventilation. However, the mechanisms underlying AQM are poorly understood, but clinical studies have shown a complete or partial loss of the motor protein myosin and a block of myosin synthesis at the transcriptional level. The diagnosis of AQM is typically made after the disease has prog ...
Transcription
... independent = enhancers Can act from several kb, in euk. Viruses or structural genes Required for full activity of promoter Recognized by specific transcription factors -> DNA loop Stimulate entry of RNAP II on promoter Mediate much of selective gene expression ...
... independent = enhancers Can act from several kb, in euk. Viruses or structural genes Required for full activity of promoter Recognized by specific transcription factors -> DNA loop Stimulate entry of RNAP II on promoter Mediate much of selective gene expression ...
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
... RNA is the solution to this problem. RNA is DNA’s main man. RNA is DNA’s “go to guy”. RNA is DNA’s number one “get it done person”. One of RNA’s jobs is to copy DNA’s instructions and take those instructions out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... RNA is the solution to this problem. RNA is DNA’s main man. RNA is DNA’s “go to guy”. RNA is DNA’s number one “get it done person”. One of RNA’s jobs is to copy DNA’s instructions and take those instructions out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
THE DISCOVERY OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
... Temin firmly believed the activity existed. For him, it was the process of doing biochemical experiments on purified virions, rather than on infected cells, that allowed him to prove to the world what he knew. Baltimore, on the other hand, believed that viruses carried their polymerase activities wi ...
... Temin firmly believed the activity existed. For him, it was the process of doing biochemical experiments on purified virions, rather than on infected cells, that allowed him to prove to the world what he knew. Baltimore, on the other hand, believed that viruses carried their polymerase activities wi ...
Gene Regulation and Pathological Studies Using Mouse models
... transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into the ribosome-mRNA complex, matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon on the tRNA, thereby adding the correct amino acid in the sequence encoding the gene. As the amino acids are linked into the growing peptide chain, they begin folding into the correct conformation. ...
... transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into the ribosome-mRNA complex, matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon on the tRNA, thereby adding the correct amino acid in the sequence encoding the gene. As the amino acids are linked into the growing peptide chain, they begin folding into the correct conformation. ...
Gene Regulation
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Fragmenting genomic DNA for cloning
... membranes in high density arrays (tens of thousands of genes) • Membranes probed as described (a la microarrays) • Standardizable, centralizable ...
... membranes in high density arrays (tens of thousands of genes) • Membranes probed as described (a la microarrays) • Standardizable, centralizable ...
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes
... 7. RNA polymerase assembles the mRNA strand from free nucleotides through complimentary base pairing using the DNA template strand as a guide. 8. Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence, and the mRNA and the RNA polymerase are released from the DNA. 9. The process ...
... 7. RNA polymerase assembles the mRNA strand from free nucleotides through complimentary base pairing using the DNA template strand as a guide. 8. Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence, and the mRNA and the RNA polymerase are released from the DNA. 9. The process ...
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. Following transcription of primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) by RNA polymerase, processed, mature mRNA is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein, as summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology.As in DNA, mRNA genetic information is in the sequence of nucleotides, which are arranged into codons consisting of three bases each. Each codon encodes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons, which terminate protein synthesis. This process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery.The existence of mRNA was first suggested by Jacques Monod and François Jacob, and subsequently discovered by Jacob, Sydney Brenner and Matthew Meselson at the California Institute of Technology in 1961.