Evolution of colour vision in primates
... 11. Double click on the origin_new_old_world.geneious document. This will load a file of 26 aligned mRNA sequences into the programme. The main Geneious window will show the mRNA sequences of part of the MWS and LWS opsins from the Old World primates we used before and, in addition, some New World ...
... 11. Double click on the origin_new_old_world.geneious document. This will load a file of 26 aligned mRNA sequences into the programme. The main Geneious window will show the mRNA sequences of part of the MWS and LWS opsins from the Old World primates we used before and, in addition, some New World ...
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
... the forefront of these investigations of ‘ecological speciation’ and it is clear that adaptation to different host plants can promote insect speciation. However, much remains unknown. For example, there is abundant variability in the extent to which divergent selection promotes speciation, the sourc ...
... the forefront of these investigations of ‘ecological speciation’ and it is clear that adaptation to different host plants can promote insect speciation. However, much remains unknown. For example, there is abundant variability in the extent to which divergent selection promotes speciation, the sourc ...
Ch 15
... Action of Natural Selection on Phenotypes How Selection Acts • Only characteristics that are expressed can be targets of natural selection. Therefore, selection cannot operate against rare recessive alleles, even if they are unfavorable. • Only when the allele becomes common enough that heterozygous ...
... Action of Natural Selection on Phenotypes How Selection Acts • Only characteristics that are expressed can be targets of natural selection. Therefore, selection cannot operate against rare recessive alleles, even if they are unfavorable. • Only when the allele becomes common enough that heterozygous ...
SCHMIDT Genetics and socieconomic inequalities in health
... strand. As every human individual has a double set of chromosomes, at each polymorphic position two alleles occur that determine the genotype of an individual. These alleles can be either the same (homozygous) or different from each other (heterozygous). It is the sum of the polymorphic positions in ...
... strand. As every human individual has a double set of chromosomes, at each polymorphic position two alleles occur that determine the genotype of an individual. These alleles can be either the same (homozygous) or different from each other (heterozygous). It is the sum of the polymorphic positions in ...
Reprint
... 1994). In most such cases the fitness of any individual depends on what other individuals in the population are doing (i.e. it is frequency-dependent) and therefore these models are often allied more closely with phenotypic, continuoustrait game theory than with single locus genetics. As a result, t ...
... 1994). In most such cases the fitness of any individual depends on what other individuals in the population are doing (i.e. it is frequency-dependent) and therefore these models are often allied more closely with phenotypic, continuoustrait game theory than with single locus genetics. As a result, t ...
Natural selection and the maximization of fitness
... Intuitively, the source of the trouble in multi-locus models is that Mendelian segregation, recombination and epistasis complicate the transmission of fitness between parents and offspring. Offspring, while resembling their parents on the whole, inherit a combination of genes that is not a simple re ...
... Intuitively, the source of the trouble in multi-locus models is that Mendelian segregation, recombination and epistasis complicate the transmission of fitness between parents and offspring. Offspring, while resembling their parents on the whole, inherit a combination of genes that is not a simple re ...
Mapping Genes through the Use of Linkage Disequilibrium
... disease locus that the recombination fraction between the disease and marker loci is effectively 0, the population of chromosomes in the ‘D’ class will evolve independently of the population of chromosomes in the ‘+’ class. This is true because without recombination, there is no opportunity for exch ...
... disease locus that the recombination fraction between the disease and marker loci is effectively 0, the population of chromosomes in the ‘D’ class will evolve independently of the population of chromosomes in the ‘+’ class. This is true because without recombination, there is no opportunity for exch ...
Population genetics by Knud Christensen
... 12.2 The significance of artificial insemination for estimation of breeding values ......................................... 92 12.3 Transgene and transgenic animals .............................................................................................................. 93 12.4 Utilization o ...
... 12.2 The significance of artificial insemination for estimation of breeding values ......................................... 92 12.3 Transgene and transgenic animals .............................................................................................................. 93 12.4 Utilization o ...
A missense mutation in growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is
... NWS-population the c.1111G>A SNP showed stronger association with litter size than any other single SNP on the Illumina 50K ovine SNP chip. Based on the estimated breeding values, daughters of AI rams homozygous for c.1111A will produce minimum 0.46 - 0.57 additional lambs compared to daughters of w ...
... NWS-population the c.1111G>A SNP showed stronger association with litter size than any other single SNP on the Illumina 50K ovine SNP chip. Based on the estimated breeding values, daughters of AI rams homozygous for c.1111A will produce minimum 0.46 - 0.57 additional lambs compared to daughters of w ...
Study of seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in East
... serious public health issue in Taiwan. Obesity is regarded as a complex multifactorial disease in which genes play a very important role. Genetic variations may predispose individuals to obesity by controlling the balance between energy intake and expenditure.3 4 ...
... serious public health issue in Taiwan. Obesity is regarded as a complex multifactorial disease in which genes play a very important role. Genetic variations may predispose individuals to obesity by controlling the balance between energy intake and expenditure.3 4 ...
Foundations of Biology
... Drosophila X Chromosome 2b In division 2b of the X chromosome, a strange bulge appears in images of polytene chromosomes In situ hybridization using cosmid clones mapped to that region show hybridization on the outside of this structure, but not in the middle Figure from http://www.helsinki.fi/~sau ...
... Drosophila X Chromosome 2b In division 2b of the X chromosome, a strange bulge appears in images of polytene chromosomes In situ hybridization using cosmid clones mapped to that region show hybridization on the outside of this structure, but not in the middle Figure from http://www.helsinki.fi/~sau ...
Genetic evaluation with major genes and polygenic
... Background: In pedigreed populations with a major gene segregating for a quantitative trait, it is not clear how to use pedigree, genotype and phenotype information when some individuals are not genotyped. We propose to consider gene content at the major gene as a second trait correlated to the qua ...
... Background: In pedigreed populations with a major gene segregating for a quantitative trait, it is not clear how to use pedigree, genotype and phenotype information when some individuals are not genotyped. We propose to consider gene content at the major gene as a second trait correlated to the qua ...
13 Patterns of Inheritance Concept Outline 13.1 Mendel solved the mystery of heredity.
... ple flowers, and the other had white flowbridizations of plant species, crossing difers. All of the progeny of the cross had ferent strains of tobacco and obtaining ferpurple flowers. Among the offspring of tile offspring. The hybrids differed in appearance from these hybrids, however, were some pla ...
... ple flowers, and the other had white flowbridizations of plant species, crossing difers. All of the progeny of the cross had ferent strains of tobacco and obtaining ferpurple flowers. Among the offspring of tile offspring. The hybrids differed in appearance from these hybrids, however, were some pla ...
Sympatric speciation in parasites – what is sympatry?
... such a manner that inter-mating could occur with a genetically significant frequency, unless prevented by genetic isolating mechanisms of some kind’. A more precise definition considers that speciation should take place within the dispersal range of the offspring of a single deme [5,7]. Kondrashov a ...
... such a manner that inter-mating could occur with a genetically significant frequency, unless prevented by genetic isolating mechanisms of some kind’. A more precise definition considers that speciation should take place within the dispersal range of the offspring of a single deme [5,7]. Kondrashov a ...
The Advantages of Segregation and the Evolution of Sex
... Third, consider directional selection causing the spread of a favored allele, A, within a population. Although it is nonstandard, I continue to use the fitness regime described by (2) as this makes it easier to recognize parallels between the results with purifying and directional selection. The arg ...
... Third, consider directional selection causing the spread of a favored allele, A, within a population. Although it is nonstandard, I continue to use the fitness regime described by (2) as this makes it easier to recognize parallels between the results with purifying and directional selection. The arg ...
Genes in conflict: the biology of selfish genetic elements
... the process is thought to have gone to completion: there are no mitochondria, but there are other organelles called hydrogenosomes that appear to be derived from mitochondria but do not contain any DNA at all (Embley et al. 2003). In all species, the vast majority of proteins in mitochondria are enc ...
... the process is thought to have gone to completion: there are no mitochondria, but there are other organelles called hydrogenosomes that appear to be derived from mitochondria but do not contain any DNA at all (Embley et al. 2003). In all species, the vast majority of proteins in mitochondria are enc ...
The Fly Genome
... Drosophila X Chromosome 2b In division 2b of the X chromosome, a strange bulge appears in images of polytene chromosomes Insitu hybridization using cosmid clones mapped to that region show hybridization on the outside of this structure, but not in the middle Figure from http://www.helsinki.fi/~saur ...
... Drosophila X Chromosome 2b In division 2b of the X chromosome, a strange bulge appears in images of polytene chromosomes Insitu hybridization using cosmid clones mapped to that region show hybridization on the outside of this structure, but not in the middle Figure from http://www.helsinki.fi/~saur ...
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
... Expected Allele Frequencies at 2nd Generation p = AA + Aa/2 = 0.64 + (0.32/2) = 0.8 q = aa + Aa/2 = 0.04 + (0.32/2) = 0.2 ...
... Expected Allele Frequencies at 2nd Generation p = AA + Aa/2 = 0.64 + (0.32/2) = 0.8 q = aa + Aa/2 = 0.04 + (0.32/2) = 0.2 ...
Cytogenetics Cytogenetics
... sequentially within each. Sub-bands are catered for by using a decimal system ...
... sequentially within each. Sub-bands are catered for by using a decimal system ...
Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomes PPT
... whole, not a reductionist view of single genes acting in isolation ...
... whole, not a reductionist view of single genes acting in isolation ...
Genetic crosses - thephysicsteacher.ie
... Most are like the parents due to genes being linked. A small percentage are unlike the parents due to crossing-over - these are called recombinants. Crossing-over leads to greater variation. Separation of linked genes with crossing-over can result in the same variety of gamete genotypes and offsprin ...
... Most are like the parents due to genes being linked. A small percentage are unlike the parents due to crossing-over - these are called recombinants. Crossing-over leads to greater variation. Separation of linked genes with crossing-over can result in the same variety of gamete genotypes and offsprin ...
Ch08_complete-Inheritance,_Genes
... 1. In the genetic cross AaBbCcDdEE x AaBBCcDdEe where all the genes are unlinked, what fractions of offspring will be heterozygous for all of these genes? 2. In a plant species, two alleles control flower color, which can be yellow, blue, or white. Crosses of these plants produce the offspring provi ...
... 1. In the genetic cross AaBbCcDdEE x AaBBCcDdEe where all the genes are unlinked, what fractions of offspring will be heterozygous for all of these genes? 2. In a plant species, two alleles control flower color, which can be yellow, blue, or white. Crosses of these plants produce the offspring provi ...
GenJam: A Genetic Algorithm for Generating Jazz Solos
... parent. As we shall see, human fitness functions in a musical domain present some interesting problems. The selection step in the algorithm reflects the evolutionary principle that the fitter individuals in a population tend to survive and mate. Selection in GAs usually involves a random process, bi ...
... parent. As we shall see, human fitness functions in a musical domain present some interesting problems. The selection step in the algorithm reflects the evolutionary principle that the fitter individuals in a population tend to survive and mate. Selection in GAs usually involves a random process, bi ...
dominant allele
... • For every trait you have, your DNA is carrying 2 alleles. One came from your mom and one came from your dad. • If both are the dominant version, you show the dominant trait. Ex. TT (purebred) • If both are the recessive version, you show the recessive trait. Ex. tt (Purebred) • If one is the domin ...
... • For every trait you have, your DNA is carrying 2 alleles. One came from your mom and one came from your dad. • If both are the dominant version, you show the dominant trait. Ex. TT (purebred) • If both are the recessive version, you show the recessive trait. Ex. tt (Purebred) • If one is the domin ...
Genetic evaluation with major genes and polygenic inheritance
... Background: In pedigreed populations with a major gene segregating for a quantitative trait, it is not clear how to use pedigree, genotype and phenotype information when some individuals are not genotyped. We propose to consider gene content at the major gene as a second trait correlated to the qua ...
... Background: In pedigreed populations with a major gene segregating for a quantitative trait, it is not clear how to use pedigree, genotype and phenotype information when some individuals are not genotyped. We propose to consider gene content at the major gene as a second trait correlated to the qua ...
Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology is said to occur when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).Polymorphism as described here involves morphs of the phenotype. The term is also used somewhat differently by molecular biologists to describe certain point mutations in the genotype, such as SNPs (see also RFLPs). This usage is not discussed in this article.Polymorphism is common in nature; it is related to biodiversity, genetic variation and adaptation; it usually functions to retain variety of form in a population living in a varied environment. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms. Other examples are mimetic forms of butterflies (see mimicry), and human hemoglobin and blood types.According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any aspect of a species. It is heritable and is modified by natural selection. In polyphenism, an individual's genetic make-up allows for different morphs, and the switch mechanism that determines which morph is shown is environmental. In genetic polymorphism, the genetic make-up determines the morph. Ants exhibit both types in a single population.Polymorphism also refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals, called zooids within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians.For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.