The genetics of species differences
... The cases shown in Table 1 could, however, differ from each other in a systematic and biologically interesting way. There are two obvious possibilities. The first is that the species pairs shown might have diverged for different amounts of time; all else being equal, ‘older’ taxa would be expected t ...
... The cases shown in Table 1 could, however, differ from each other in a systematic and biologically interesting way. There are two obvious possibilities. The first is that the species pairs shown might have diverged for different amounts of time; all else being equal, ‘older’ taxa would be expected t ...
Positive Darwinian Selection
... based on the ratio of fixed to polymorphic differences We note that the McDonald-Kreitman test requires data from many individuals from two populations or species. Let’s assume we only have one sequence from each species. ...
... based on the ratio of fixed to polymorphic differences We note that the McDonald-Kreitman test requires data from many individuals from two populations or species. Let’s assume we only have one sequence from each species. ...
Lecture 4 Environmental effects on behavior
... Flies with forR allele have better short-term memory for olfactory cues while flies with forS perform better at long-term memory tasks using olfactory cues • Differences may be adapted to differences in foraging behavior ...
... Flies with forR allele have better short-term memory for olfactory cues while flies with forS perform better at long-term memory tasks using olfactory cues • Differences may be adapted to differences in foraging behavior ...
Genotypes to Phenotypes
... On the previous slide, which of the following environmental factors is the most likely cause for skin cancer? A.) diet ...
... On the previous slide, which of the following environmental factors is the most likely cause for skin cancer? A.) diet ...
Assessment of space-radiation effects on immune function on the
... assessed association between EGFR genetic polymorphism and cancer development among A-bomb survivors. A copy number variation of CA (cytosine adenine) repeat sequence, which is located at EGFR intron-1, is known to be inversely associated with expression level of EGFR mRNA. Regression analysis using ...
... assessed association between EGFR genetic polymorphism and cancer development among A-bomb survivors. A copy number variation of CA (cytosine adenine) repeat sequence, which is located at EGFR intron-1, is known to be inversely associated with expression level of EGFR mRNA. Regression analysis using ...
5-2 genetics summary
... • Geneticists use Punnett squares to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. • In polygenic inheritance, traits are determined by more than one gene and have many possible phenotypes. ...
... • Geneticists use Punnett squares to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. • In polygenic inheritance, traits are determined by more than one gene and have many possible phenotypes. ...
Allele - CARNES AP BIO
... that Mendel observed in the F2 generation. The LAW OF SEGREGATION states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form as pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization. ...
... that Mendel observed in the F2 generation. The LAW OF SEGREGATION states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form as pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization. ...
LPM 221: Commercial Poultry Production And Hatchery
... 26) Commercial broiler chick are produced by breed crossing 27) Mating the offspring with either one of the parents is called back crossing. 28) RST centre is located at Mumbai 29) Reciprocal recurrent selection is followed in layer breeding. 30) Nickability is called combining ability 31) Individua ...
... 26) Commercial broiler chick are produced by breed crossing 27) Mating the offspring with either one of the parents is called back crossing. 28) RST centre is located at Mumbai 29) Reciprocal recurrent selection is followed in layer breeding. 30) Nickability is called combining ability 31) Individua ...
lecture 01 - sources of variation - Cal State LA
... individuals in natural populations (for most loci) 3) non-synonymous substitutions resulting in conservative amino acid changes are more likely to survive - conservative = swapping one residue for another of the same size, charge, and/or polarity - for the same reasons as discussed previously, such ...
... individuals in natural populations (for most loci) 3) non-synonymous substitutions resulting in conservative amino acid changes are more likely to survive - conservative = swapping one residue for another of the same size, charge, and/or polarity - for the same reasons as discussed previously, such ...
Plant of the day
... functions resulting in gamete wastage and reduced fitness -physical interference, pollen clogging stigma, self ...
... functions resulting in gamete wastage and reduced fitness -physical interference, pollen clogging stigma, self ...
Lecture Note – 1
... chromosomes will have very few chances to be selected. Rank selection first ranks the population and then every chromosome receives fitness from this ranking. The worst will have fitness 1, second worst 2 etc. and the best will have fitness N (number of chromosomes in population). By this, all the c ...
... chromosomes will have very few chances to be selected. Rank selection first ranks the population and then every chromosome receives fitness from this ranking. The worst will have fitness 1, second worst 2 etc. and the best will have fitness N (number of chromosomes in population). By this, all the c ...
The Number of Alleles that Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population
... becomes astronomical. It is known that a single nucleotide substitution can have the most drastic consequences, but there are also mutations with very minute effects and there is the possibility that many are so small as to be undetectable. .It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the plaus ...
... becomes astronomical. It is known that a single nucleotide substitution can have the most drastic consequences, but there are also mutations with very minute effects and there is the possibility that many are so small as to be undetectable. .It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the plaus ...
Population genetics
... importance of populations as units of evolution populations evolve, individuals do not evolution as changes in gene frequencies within populations ...
... importance of populations as units of evolution populations evolve, individuals do not evolution as changes in gene frequencies within populations ...
Presentation
... Evolution is a scientific law… the environment changes from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day; just as a genome may. Please do not confuse this “change over time” with the belief of creationism. These are two different concepts that are confused with each other because of misconceptions of ...
... Evolution is a scientific law… the environment changes from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day; just as a genome may. Please do not confuse this “change over time” with the belief of creationism. These are two different concepts that are confused with each other because of misconceptions of ...
Tutorial on Theoretical Population Genetics
... large effect in the face of genetic drift, while mutation will be unable to keep variability in the population. These calculations are relevant to controversies from 1932 on as to whether Sewall Wright’s “Shifting Balance Theory" is valid. Wright suggested that adaptation would happen most readily i ...
... large effect in the face of genetic drift, while mutation will be unable to keep variability in the population. These calculations are relevant to controversies from 1932 on as to whether Sewall Wright’s “Shifting Balance Theory" is valid. Wright suggested that adaptation would happen most readily i ...
Law (Principle) of Dominance The law (principle) of dominance
... The law (principle) of dominance states that some alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive. An organism with a dominant allele for a particular trait will always have that trait expressed (seen) in the organism. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular trait will only have t ...
... The law (principle) of dominance states that some alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive. An organism with a dominant allele for a particular trait will always have that trait expressed (seen) in the organism. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular trait will only have t ...
Lect 1 (Autosomal Inheritance) Lect 2 (Sex
... phenotype. If they have the allele, what are the odds they’ll express it. E.g. 80% of people w/ disease mutation for the dominant disorder retinoblastoma develop retinal tumours. Penetrance is binary, it either happens or it doesn’t. Expressivity: degree of expression or severity of phenotype in ind ...
... phenotype. If they have the allele, what are the odds they’ll express it. E.g. 80% of people w/ disease mutation for the dominant disorder retinoblastoma develop retinal tumours. Penetrance is binary, it either happens or it doesn’t. Expressivity: degree of expression or severity of phenotype in ind ...
Inheritance The passing of traits from parents to offspring Genetics
... -Affected father has no affected children, but passes the trait on to all daughters who will be carriers for the trait Comment -Watch how questions with sex linkage are phrased: Chance of children? All Possibilities Chance of males? Male Possibilities ...
... -Affected father has no affected children, but passes the trait on to all daughters who will be carriers for the trait Comment -Watch how questions with sex linkage are phrased: Chance of children? All Possibilities Chance of males? Male Possibilities ...
Hardy-Weinberg Lesson Plan 4
... Allele frequency means the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Allele Frequency ...
... Allele frequency means the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Allele Frequency ...
Lecture PDF - Carol Eunmi LEE
... across a range of environments, because of changes in gene expression • Changes in gene expression could be cause by environmental cues instigating signal transduction... changes in gene expression could also be caused by ...
... across a range of environments, because of changes in gene expression • Changes in gene expression could be cause by environmental cues instigating signal transduction... changes in gene expression could also be caused by ...
Evolutionary steps of sex chromosomes reflected in
... chromosome gene is highly significant (p<< 0.001, Fisher's Exact Test). If we reduce the complexity of the data by excluding stratum 4, which is not observed in the retrogene set, and merging stratum 2 with stratum 1 (for which initial age estimates were completely overlapping), then the association ...
... chromosome gene is highly significant (p<< 0.001, Fisher's Exact Test). If we reduce the complexity of the data by excluding stratum 4, which is not observed in the retrogene set, and merging stratum 2 with stratum 1 (for which initial age estimates were completely overlapping), then the association ...
Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology is said to occur when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).Polymorphism as described here involves morphs of the phenotype. The term is also used somewhat differently by molecular biologists to describe certain point mutations in the genotype, such as SNPs (see also RFLPs). This usage is not discussed in this article.Polymorphism is common in nature; it is related to biodiversity, genetic variation and adaptation; it usually functions to retain variety of form in a population living in a varied environment. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms. Other examples are mimetic forms of butterflies (see mimicry), and human hemoglobin and blood types.According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any aspect of a species. It is heritable and is modified by natural selection. In polyphenism, an individual's genetic make-up allows for different morphs, and the switch mechanism that determines which morph is shown is environmental. In genetic polymorphism, the genetic make-up determines the morph. Ants exhibit both types in a single population.Polymorphism also refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals, called zooids within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians.For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.