Recent approaches into the genetic basis of inbreeding depression
... the divergent lines initially crossed in QTL studies. Studies of marker segregation distortion commonly uncover genes of major effect on viability, but these have only minor contributions to inbreeding depression. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of inb ...
... the divergent lines initially crossed in QTL studies. Studies of marker segregation distortion commonly uncover genes of major effect on viability, but these have only minor contributions to inbreeding depression. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of inb ...
What is individual quality? An evolutionary
... resource allocation trade-offs [1,4,24–26]. As these processes are properly seen as occurring within individuals, a growing body of research has developed tools that utilise longitudinal data to separate between- and within-individual variation in order to elucidate their relative contributions to e ...
... resource allocation trade-offs [1,4,24–26]. As these processes are properly seen as occurring within individuals, a growing body of research has developed tools that utilise longitudinal data to separate between- and within-individual variation in order to elucidate their relative contributions to e ...
Category 2000
... Authors: Gift Chauke and Jürgen Seier Presenting Author: Gift Chauke, PO box 19070, MRC Primate Unit, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa Other authors (name only): 1. Jürgen Seier Abstract: In the last few years there has been growing evidence of the influence of genetic variation in the ...
... Authors: Gift Chauke and Jürgen Seier Presenting Author: Gift Chauke, PO box 19070, MRC Primate Unit, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa Other authors (name only): 1. Jürgen Seier Abstract: In the last few years there has been growing evidence of the influence of genetic variation in the ...
The Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
... view ‘the discrete-time calculation.. .was clearly well-known to [Fisher] and possibly formed the basis of [the] continuous-time result’. I shall refer to my Foundations of Mathematical Genetics (‘ F M G ’ ; Edwards, I 977) for background information, but using capital A rather than lower-case a for ...
... view ‘the discrete-time calculation.. .was clearly well-known to [Fisher] and possibly formed the basis of [the] continuous-time result’. I shall refer to my Foundations of Mathematical Genetics (‘ F M G ’ ; Edwards, I 977) for background information, but using capital A rather than lower-case a for ...
Phenotypic diversity as an adaptation to environmental uncertainty
... Given a model of the fitness trade-offs, we can use Levins’s fitness set diagram to graphically solve for the genotype with the highest long-term growth rate. It is easy to see that when trade-offs are weak, the best response to population-level variation will always be a single generalist phenotype ...
... Given a model of the fitness trade-offs, we can use Levins’s fitness set diagram to graphically solve for the genotype with the highest long-term growth rate. It is easy to see that when trade-offs are weak, the best response to population-level variation will always be a single generalist phenotype ...
Quantitative Genetics
... brother, mother, grandfather, two uncles, two cousins and an aunt all started and ran their own companies and say they cannot imagine any other livelihood. Why are so many people in the same clan hooked? Some of them have a theory. They believe that somewhere in their chromosomes lurks an actual ent ...
... brother, mother, grandfather, two uncles, two cousins and an aunt all started and ran their own companies and say they cannot imagine any other livelihood. Why are so many people in the same clan hooked? Some of them have a theory. They believe that somewhere in their chromosomes lurks an actual ent ...
SARS Outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore: the role of
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
4. Responding to environment Booklet TN
... 6. Substitution changes, one/no, amino acids; CREDIT could be a silent mutation/1 bp substitution may not have an effect (g) 1. natural selection; 2. selective advantage; 3. (allele/behaviour) increases, survival/breeding/AW; CREDIT increases reproductive success/AW 4. (because) helped, find food/fi ...
... 6. Substitution changes, one/no, amino acids; CREDIT could be a silent mutation/1 bp substitution may not have an effect (g) 1. natural selection; 2. selective advantage; 3. (allele/behaviour) increases, survival/breeding/AW; CREDIT increases reproductive success/AW 4. (because) helped, find food/fi ...
From out of old fields comes all this new corn
... large amounts of dominance variance, but once the populations were random mated for several generations the ratio of s2D / s2A was became <1, this was likely due to recombination among repulsion phase loci A b a ...
... large amounts of dominance variance, but once the populations were random mated for several generations the ratio of s2D / s2A was became <1, this was likely due to recombination among repulsion phase loci A b a ...
Methods to Evolve Legal Phenotypes
... Michalewicz and Schoenauer provide perhaps the most comprehensive reviews of implementations of constraint handling in genetic algorithms (GAs) (Michalewicz 1995b, Michalewicz & Schoenauer 1996). They identify and discuss eleven different types of system. However, upon examination it is clear that h ...
... Michalewicz and Schoenauer provide perhaps the most comprehensive reviews of implementations of constraint handling in genetic algorithms (GAs) (Michalewicz 1995b, Michalewicz & Schoenauer 1996). They identify and discuss eleven different types of system. However, upon examination it is clear that h ...
SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES IN THE TWO RACES OF
... somewhat longer than suggested by the drawing. The scale below represents 30 micra. ...
... somewhat longer than suggested by the drawing. The scale below represents 30 micra. ...
Multiple Routes to Subfunctionalization and Gene Duplicate
... can have promoter sites that induce expression in each context. The coding region of the gene may also experience mutation that can improve performance in one context while reducing performance in the other context. The structure of the fitness landscape determines whether mutations that alter the co ...
... can have promoter sites that induce expression in each context. The coding region of the gene may also experience mutation that can improve performance in one context while reducing performance in the other context. The structure of the fitness landscape determines whether mutations that alter the co ...
Symbiotic sympatric speciation through interaction
... incomplete penetrance (Opitz, 1981). Although organisms of low penetrance are a ‘headache’ in experimental genetics, they exist even in C. elegans. At a higher organism level, it is also interesting to note that some cichlids in a Nicaraguan lake show distinct phenotypes corresponding to different ec ...
... incomplete penetrance (Opitz, 1981). Although organisms of low penetrance are a ‘headache’ in experimental genetics, they exist even in C. elegans. At a higher organism level, it is also interesting to note that some cichlids in a Nicaraguan lake show distinct phenotypes corresponding to different ec ...
Epistasis in Polygenic Traits and the Evolution of Genetic
... along a quantitative scale and are influenced by more than one or two genes (they are polygenic). A major challenge of current quantitative genetics is to elucidate the genetic architecture of these traits (for a recent review, see Mackay 2001) and to understand the evolutionary forces that shaped t ...
... along a quantitative scale and are influenced by more than one or two genes (they are polygenic). A major challenge of current quantitative genetics is to elucidate the genetic architecture of these traits (for a recent review, see Mackay 2001) and to understand the evolutionary forces that shaped t ...
Altruism as a Tool for optimization: Literature Review
... Some people risk their lives to help others and its altruistic algorithm and solving multiobjective optimization problems, behavior. This does not mean that humans are more altruistic solutions are better than genetic algorithm without altruism, so altruism is a tool for optimization. Altruism incre ...
... Some people risk their lives to help others and its altruistic algorithm and solving multiobjective optimization problems, behavior. This does not mean that humans are more altruistic solutions are better than genetic algorithm without altruism, so altruism is a tool for optimization. Altruism incre ...
Genetics
... the likely condition and the need for confirmatory testing • Confirmation: FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) for chromosome 21 (Reported in 48‐72 hours) and karyotyping (reported in 2‐ 3 weeks) • Need for cytogenetic testing: Down syndrome occurs due to non‐dysjunction of chromosome leadin ...
... the likely condition and the need for confirmatory testing • Confirmation: FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) for chromosome 21 (Reported in 48‐72 hours) and karyotyping (reported in 2‐ 3 weeks) • Need for cytogenetic testing: Down syndrome occurs due to non‐dysjunction of chromosome leadin ...
View/Open
... phenotype as if it were dominant—hence the term pseudodominance.) The normal chromosome homologous to the deletion chromosome has loci in the region, and recessive alleles show pseudodominance. A second possible effect is that, depending on the length of the deleted segment and the specific loci lost ...
... phenotype as if it were dominant—hence the term pseudodominance.) The normal chromosome homologous to the deletion chromosome has loci in the region, and recessive alleles show pseudodominance. A second possible effect is that, depending on the length of the deleted segment and the specific loci lost ...
Comprehensive analysis of thiopurine S
... the genotyping test. Presently, on the basis of several studies, the overall level of concordance between TPMT genotype and phenotype varies between 76% and 100% [5,6,19,39–44]. The major limitation of these studies exists in the small sample size of individuals investigated because TPMT deficient s ...
... the genotyping test. Presently, on the basis of several studies, the overall level of concordance between TPMT genotype and phenotype varies between 76% and 100% [5,6,19,39–44]. The major limitation of these studies exists in the small sample size of individuals investigated because TPMT deficient s ...
tutorial in biostatistics genetic mapping of complex traits
... sets of 23 chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal in origin. One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes, and we shall concern ourselves with the remaining 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes in this tutorial. Each chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA, a linear molecule with ...
... sets of 23 chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal in origin. One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes, and we shall concern ourselves with the remaining 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes in this tutorial. Each chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA, a linear molecule with ...
Structural and molecular differentiation of sex
... old sex determination pathway. Since such locus will always or preferentially occur in one sex but never or less frequently in the latter, selection will prefer translocation or evolution of genes, the function of which is somehow connected with the respective sex, to the neighbourhood of this SDG ( ...
... old sex determination pathway. Since such locus will always or preferentially occur in one sex but never or less frequently in the latter, selection will prefer translocation or evolution of genes, the function of which is somehow connected with the respective sex, to the neighbourhood of this SDG ( ...
Quantitative Genetics: II
... Quantitative Genetics: II - Advanced Topics: In this section, mathematical models are developed for the computation of different types of genetic variance. Several substantive points about genetic variance components and their effect on the analysis of behavioral data are also made. The reader unint ...
... Quantitative Genetics: II - Advanced Topics: In this section, mathematical models are developed for the computation of different types of genetic variance. Several substantive points about genetic variance components and their effect on the analysis of behavioral data are also made. The reader unint ...
SNPs for individual identification
... concerns over identifying high likelihood of an individual developing a cancer, Alzheimer disease, or Huntington disease does preclude using SNPs that would convey such information. However, from a scientific perspective that does not generalize to precluding all SNPs from even those genes, much les ...
... concerns over identifying high likelihood of an individual developing a cancer, Alzheimer disease, or Huntington disease does preclude using SNPs that would convey such information. However, from a scientific perspective that does not generalize to precluding all SNPs from even those genes, much les ...
Multilocus genetic models of handedness closely resemble
... The European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE) consortium reported meta-analysis of 12 GWASs, based on 2350 left-handers and 21,093 controls. No associations reached conventional GWAS significance, although three approached it, and it was said that, “large-scale replication effec ...
... The European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE) consortium reported meta-analysis of 12 GWASs, based on 2350 left-handers and 21,093 controls. No associations reached conventional GWAS significance, although three approached it, and it was said that, “large-scale replication effec ...
SARS Outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology is said to occur when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).Polymorphism as described here involves morphs of the phenotype. The term is also used somewhat differently by molecular biologists to describe certain point mutations in the genotype, such as SNPs (see also RFLPs). This usage is not discussed in this article.Polymorphism is common in nature; it is related to biodiversity, genetic variation and adaptation; it usually functions to retain variety of form in a population living in a varied environment. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms. Other examples are mimetic forms of butterflies (see mimicry), and human hemoglobin and blood types.According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any aspect of a species. It is heritable and is modified by natural selection. In polyphenism, an individual's genetic make-up allows for different morphs, and the switch mechanism that determines which morph is shown is environmental. In genetic polymorphism, the genetic make-up determines the morph. Ants exhibit both types in a single population.Polymorphism also refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals, called zooids within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians.For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.