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extensions
extensions

... Wild-type Alleles • Wild-type allele – the most prevalent version of a gene in wild populations (ie, the “normal” version of a gene) – Wild-type proteins function normally – They promote the reproductive success of the organism • In large populations, there may be more than one common allele that c ...
Bioinformatics of Insulin
Bioinformatics of Insulin

... In this part, we will use several online bioinformatics resources to find the sequence of insulin gene, translate this into a protein sequence, and analyze the translation product. The goal here is to figure out how the insulin gene product is processed during biosynthesis of the molecule. a. Find t ...
Type-2 fuzzy Approach for Disease-Associated Gene Identification on Microarrays  Yan-Fei Wang
Type-2 fuzzy Approach for Disease-Associated Gene Identification on Microarrays Yan-Fei Wang

... S1 and S2 into the same type-2 fuzzy set, the aggregation of all membership values in the two sets can be used to quantify the similarity of S1 and S2. It can be considered as an overall bond between these two sets. The weaker this overall bond is, the more divergent these two sets are. In this case ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Maintenance of
Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Maintenance of

... been maintained over millions of years of apicomplexan evolutionary history. This is an important question to answer, because the ‘‘rule’’ in all other eukaryotes is that rRNA genes are homogeneous (Coen, Strachan, and Dover 1982; Nei 1987; Li 1997; Graur and Li 2000). As such, the exception of apic ...
document
document

... • Loss-of-function can suppress mutation in a negative regulator ...
PDF Links - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
PDF Links - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

... gene splicing or binding of regulatory proteins during transcription. In livestock, such variations in DNA may also be associated with, or linked to, economic traits, which are governed by many genes each having a small effect (Gelderman, 1997). When a gene, like growth hormone, is usually involved ...
2557-9370-1-RV
2557-9370-1-RV

... (CAXs) are a group of transporters that export Ca2+and other cations from the cytosol to maintain optimal ionic concentrations in the cell (Cheng NH., et al., 2003; Shigaki T., et al., 2006). CAX proteins are involved in various (Ueoka-Nakanishi H., et al., 1999) abiotic stress response pathways, in ...
Evolution at the Subgene Level: Domain Rearrangements in
Evolution at the Subgene Level: Domain Rearrangements in

... rearrangement across nine sequenced species, along with possible mechanisms for their formation. These results dramatically expand on evolution at the subgene level and offer several insights into how new genes and functions arise between species. ...
Herrin
Herrin

... dysfunction and visual impairment at an early age – often from birth. Of all the retinal degenerations, LCA has the earliest age of onset and can be the most severe. LCA bears the name of Dr. Theodore Leber who first described the condition. The term amaurosis refers to any condition of blindness or ...
Vital Genes in the Heterochromatin of
Vital Genes in the Heterochromatin of

... degenerate transposons. Moreover, about one hundred predicted genes that escaped previous genetic analyses have been associated with the proximal regions of chromosome arms but it remains to be determined how many of these genes are actually located within the heterochromatin. In this overview, we p ...
Integrons and the Origin of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Cassettes
Integrons and the Origin of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Cassettes

... perpetual activity. So ancient is this process that determining a definitive source for any particular resistance marker will surely prove difficult—unless a recent event can be identified. In 1973, Raoul Benveniste and Julian Davies proposed that intrinsically resistant or antibiotic-producing orga ...
Biotechnology and bioengineering
Biotechnology and bioengineering

... the chloroplast-encoded AHAS has been successfully used as a selection marker for chloroplast transformation of Porphyridium sp. (Lapidot et al., 2002). The molecular basis for most of the characterized AHAS-herbicide-resistances is due to a single or double amino acid change from the wildtype enzym ...
Microbial Gene Transfer: An Ecological
Microbial Gene Transfer: An Ecological

... acquisition by the indigenous flora (Frischer et al., 1994). This is perhaps most satisfying in that one can detect the exogenous gene by probing or PCR (Williams et al., 1997). The only caveat is to be certain that signal detected is from the gene in a recipient and not in the donor that was added ...
9 December, 2016 Regulations Review Office of the Gene
9 December, 2016 Regulations Review Office of the Gene

... These examples demonstrate that the full range of genetic changes, absent the introduction of novel nucleotide sequences from another organism, may be obtained by extended passage of micro-organisms under artificial conditions. Single nucleotide substitutions, gene deletions and sequence duplication ...
Prioritizing curation of mouse genes by paucity of annotations and
Prioritizing curation of mouse genes by paucity of annotations and

... diseases including some types of retinitis pigmentosa and polycystic kidney disease. Once thought to be restricted to a few cell types, it is now clear that primary cilia are found on almost all vertebrate cells and are critical to Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Mouse models play a key role in deve ...
results and discussion
results and discussion

... Moreover, it has also been observed that SNPs of these genes are associated with the disease. In this study, four genes were analyzed for their possible association with Rheumatoid Arthritis using bioinformatics tools. The results showed how SNPs are associated with this disease. Some of the SNPs br ...
Protein splicing elements: inteins and exteins
Protein splicing elements: inteins and exteins

... The protein sequences that flank the intein, and that are ligated to form the mature product, are defined as the exteins. Exteins are analogous to RNA exons. This nomenclature should replace that used in previous publications, where exteins were called 'external protein sequences' or 'EPSs'. We furt ...
PA ALKF-[FY]-[STA]-[STAD]-[VM]
PA ALKF-[FY]-[STA]-[STAD]-[VM]

... compiled in, highly conventionalized, readable English text. Computers, being not so bright, will have difficulty reading and interpreting the information unless the conventions are quite rigidly obeyed. There are a very large number of ways you can write, store and transmit simple one-dimensional s ...
Lesson 1: Do you have good taste?
Lesson 1: Do you have good taste?

... Boreal Labs – Protein synthesis chalkboard model ‐ are a great (op onal) resource.  To maintain the  connec on to taste, gene, mRNA, and protein sequences of actual taste receptors can be used for  student prac ce (Appendix II).    4)  End by revisi ng the class discussion ques ons from the taste la ...
Breeding Bunnies Lab
Breeding Bunnies Lab

... 1. Graph your frequencies within ONE graph. Create a line graph with generation as the independent and frequency (in decimals) as your dependent variable. 2. Explain your graph (at least 3 sentences). What is happening to the allele frequency of both the dominant and recessive? How do the number of ...
Genomic imprinting of a placental lactogen gene in Peromyscus
Genomic imprinting of a placental lactogen gene in Peromyscus

... genes using a variety of parameters. Several features stand out in all trees examined; a representative tree with relative support for each node is shown in Fig. 2c. First, pPl1 and pPl1-v group together very strongly. If these genes had direct orthologs in other species, this would not be expected; ...
Initial Stages in Creating a lacI Knockout in Escherichia coli C29
Initial Stages in Creating a lacI Knockout in Escherichia coli C29

... Acid Protein Synthesis Unit (NAPS, UBC). The dried primer pellet was resuspended in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 30 µM, as determined by OD260 values. Amplification of the kanamycin resistance cassette-lacI construct was conducted using 12 samples of 0.5 µl Platinum pfx DNA Polymera ...
Discussion section: Gymnasts File
Discussion section: Gymnasts File

... Ahmetov et al 2009 focused on endurance athletic status and genetic polymorphisms. They grouped athletes into mixed cohorts (55 gymnasts were placed in the power group). The authors indentified 10 genetic polymorphism associated with endurance status, which included the Gly482 allele of the PPARGC1A ...
pdf
pdf

... technological advances can now enable researchers to examine expression patterns of hundreds or thousands of genes in hybrids relative to nonhybrids simultaneously. Genome-wide expression profiling can rapidly identify whether qualitative failures in gene expression are associated with hybrid male s ...
Serine/Arginine-rich proteins Physcomitrella patens  Andreas Ring
Serine/Arginine-rich proteins Physcomitrella patens Andreas Ring

... chloronemal filaments are produced, from which caulonemal filaments can be branched. Buds originate from caulonema, which later develops into a leafy gametophyte and thus completing the life cycle of P. patens. The moss P. patens has the key attributes for being a good model system, namely it is eas ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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