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evolution of protein function by domain swapping
evolution of protein function by domain swapping

... possesses all the characteristics of a complete globular protein’’ (Schultz and Schirmer, 1979). The term subdomain usually refers to units smaller than a domain that can be described as having a particular function or structure (i.e., some rationale for being grouped together). What distinguishes t ...
Lethal Protein
Lethal Protein

... of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NCBI maintains many enormous databases, including GenBank, which stores all known public DNA sequences, submitted from individual scientists and large genome centers around the world; OMIM, a Web-based catalog that contains thousands ...
The response regulator 2 mediates ethylene signalling and
The response regulator 2 mediates ethylene signalling and

... indicating that the response regulator is responsible for the observed phenotype (Figure 1A). The incomplete complementation is very likely due to the 35S promoter, which may not perfectly establish the expression pattern of the native ARR2 promoter. The arr2 mutant phenotype was only observed in ho ...
Bayesian Networks Classifiers for Gene-Expression Data
Bayesian Networks Classifiers for Gene-Expression Data

... Also dealing with the continuous nature of the gene expression data, Cano et al. [25] use a Gaussian NB. They perform a two steps gene selection: first, a filter selection and, second, using a Selective NB. After that, they learn a Bayesian Network using the selected genes. In [26] the same authors ...
Construction and Characterization of a Highly Regulable Expression
Construction and Characterization of a Highly Regulable Expression

... pTrc99A–, and pET-21(⫹)–lacZ Plasmids To construct pLAC11–lacZ, pLAC22–lacZ, and pLAC33–lacZ, primers 6 and 7 (see Table 2) were used to PCR amplify a 3116-bp fragment from the plasmid pTer7 which contains the wild-type lacZ gene. The resulting fragment was gel isolated, digested with BglII and Hind ...
Induced point mutations in the phytoene synthase 1 gene cause
Induced point mutations in the phytoene synthase 1 gene cause

... Tomato fruit are characterised by their red colour. Customer awareness that the red colour is associated with promoting human health is increasing (Fraser et al. 2009). Recent studies have shown the healthpromoting role of tomato consumption in preventing various cancers, cardio-vascular diseases an ...
Comprehensive and Rapid Genotyping of Mutations - HAL
Comprehensive and Rapid Genotyping of Mutations - HAL

... redesigned due to the presence of the M13 linker sequence. In another assay [26], the CFTR gene was amplified in 30 amplicons with external primers and then sequenced using internal primers in 96-well plates. Redesigning all PCR primers was necessary and three amplification conditions had to be used ...
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1

... The relative high degree of divergence between the 7 PhSIDER copies was also observed while comparing the first 200 ntd conserved between PhSIDERs (7 copies) and PhDIREs (29 copies). The consensus sequence, determined from the alignment of all the identified elements of a given family, approximates ...
投影片 1 - cmcmurillo
投影片 1 - cmcmurillo

... Ethical issues of gene therapy • Is it right to replace a 'defective' gene with a 'normal' one? • Is the answer the same for a gene which causes the bearer pain, as it is where the gene has a merely cosmetic effect? • Who decides what is 'defective' and what is 'normal'? A 'defective' gene may actu ...
Genetics of fibrosing lung diseases REVIEW
Genetics of fibrosing lung diseases REVIEW

... Susceptibility to IPF probably involves a combination of polymorphisms related to epithelial cell injury and abnormal wound healing. To date, the genetic associations with IPF that have been reported in different cohorts include the genes encoding tumour necrosis factor (TNF; -308 adenine), interleu ...
Gene Section EXT2 (exostoses (multiple) 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section EXT2 (exostoses (multiple) 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... is malignant transformation of an osteochondroma (exostosis) into chondrosarcoma, which is estimated to occur in 1-5% of the HME cases. Cytogenetics 11p rearrangement was found in 1 sporadic osteochondroma (exostosis) using cytogenetic analysis; loss of heterozygosity at the EXT2 locus was absent in ...
The 2R hypothesis and the human genome sequence
The 2R hypothesis and the human genome sequence

... sophistication of the vertebrate genome and thus increasing morphological complexity. Genome duplication may be particularly powerful because all genes in a biochemical pathway will be duplicated simultaneously. Ohno was not specific about how many events occurred. The most popular form of this hypo ...
Origin and evolution of peptide-modifying
Origin and evolution of peptide-modifying

... pathway, in colored squares, is the phyletic profile of the protein family. The color intensity of the outline is used to depict its distribution within a particular lineage. Thus, darkly colored squares are used when an enzyme is present in most members of that eukaryotic lineage. Lighter coloring i ...
Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance
Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance

... Many transgenic proteins expressed in E. coli are recovered as insoluble aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. The formation of these aggregates seems to be independent of the type of protein, and this drawback has been proven difficult to overcome [18, 19]. Nevertheless, the fact that inclusi ...
Maximum likelihood methods for detecting adaptive evolution after
Maximum likelihood methods for detecting adaptive evolution after

... same ␻ ratio for all branches (Fig. 2; R1). Nested models are constructed based on the assumption that selective constraints change following a gene duplication (Fig. 2). Here, the likelihood calculation is modified so that independent ␻’s are used to calculate rate matrices (Q) and transitions prob ...
The cyanobacterial genome core and the origin of photosynthesis
The cyanobacterial genome core and the origin of photosynthesis

... As documented elsewhere, the vast majority of CyOGs had no detectable homologs in bacterial phototrophs (Mulkidjanian et al., 2006). Non-cyanobacterial photosynthetic machineries share only a small set of proteins with cyanobacterial PSI or PSII, and even these shared proteins are different in diffe ...
Controversial cases of human gender identification by amelogenin test
Controversial cases of human gender identification by amelogenin test

... Received: October 16, 2007 / Accepted: November 15, 2007 ...
Petunia Ap2-like Genes and Their Role in Flower and
Petunia Ap2-like Genes and Their Role in Flower and

... PhAp2A Is the Closest Ortholog of Ap2; PhAp2B and PhAp2C Belong to a Different Subfamily of Ap2-like Genes in Petunia An 800-bp PhAp2A-1 cDNA insert was used to probe petunia genomic DNA gel blots at medium stringency. Under these conditions, three hybridizing bands can be observed, one of which has ...
Expression and inheritance of the wheat Glu
Expression and inheritance of the wheat Glu

... 1:1 (presence:absence) ratio for sequences derived from the Glu-1Dx5 transgene. Southern-blot analysis of the Glu-1Dx5 transgene As an initial characterization of the transgene insertion site(s), genomic DNA was purified from plants grown from 1Dx5-expressing F1 kernels from four independent events ...
Chapter 2 Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 2 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 2 Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 2 Patterns of Inheritance

... Each pair of Mendel's plant lines can be said to show a character difference —a contrasting difference between two lines of organisms (or between two organisms) in one particular character. Contrasting phenotypes for a particular character are the starting point for any genetic analysis. The differi ...
Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at
Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at

... association between the number of GT(n) repeat units at polymorphic sequence in MAOB intron 2 and the level of platelet MAOB activity, suggesting that structural alterations at the gene for MAOB are not the primary determinant of activity levels in platelets.24 Although MAOA activity appears to be m ...
A Major Species of Mouse μ-opioid Receptor mRNA and Its
A Major Species of Mouse μ-opioid Receptor mRNA and Its

... and 11.5 kb, respectively, with a similar intensity. Although five MOR splice variants have been reported to use exon 11 instead of exon 1 (Pan et al., 2001), they are not likely to represent the 3.7-kb species because the expression levels of these alternative transcripts are much lower than that o ...
RASPBERRY3 Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Important for Embryo
RASPBERRY3 Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Important for Embryo

... determine whether rsy3 was interrupted by a T-DNA insertion. The T-DNA vector used in these studies contains a neomycinphosphotransferase II gene that confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin (Errampalli et al., 1991; Feldmann, 1991). We tested a total of 928 F2 individuals and observed that k ...
Carbapenemase and virulence factors of
Carbapenemase and virulence factors of

... Objectives: To investigate the resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae and the underlying resistance mechanisms in North Lebanon between 2008 and 2012. Methods: A total of 2767 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from clinical samples collected in Nini Hospital (North Lebanon) were screene ...
Patterns of prokaryotic lateral gene transfers affecting
Patterns of prokaryotic lateral gene transfers affecting

... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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