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Individual Test Item Specifications
Individual Test Item Specifications

... Multiple Choice, Performance-based Assessment Students will explain the main steps in the scientific method. Students will describe how observations are used to create hypotheses and how data is used to draw conclusions. Students will identify the elements of a controlled experiment. The item should ...
Surveying Geology Concepts In Education Standards For A Rapidly
Surveying Geology Concepts In Education Standards For A Rapidly

... some cases this specificity resulted in labeling two standards that share some content with different concept identifiers. For example, the AAAS provides a standard which reads: Thousands of layers of sedimentary rock confirm the long history of the changing surface of the earth and the changing lif ...
Unit 1-A Cells
Unit 1-A Cells

... 7.4.1 Explain that each tRNA molecule is recognized by a tRNA-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the tRNA, using ATP for energy. 7.4.2 Outline the structure of ribosomes, including protein and RNA composition, large and small subunits, three tRNA binding sites and mRNA binding sit ...
Science Around US Book 6 - Ministry of Education, Guyana
Science Around US Book 6 - Ministry of Education, Guyana

... Making Magnets By Induction .............................................................................................172 Making Magnets By Hammering..........................................................................................173 Making Magnets By Stroking ........................... ...
Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Crustal Rocks and the
Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Crustal Rocks and the

... According to the assumptions foundational to potassium-argon (K-Ar) and argon-argon (Ar-Ar) dating of rocks, there should not be any daughter radiogenic argon (40Ar*) in rocks when they form. When measured, all 40Ar* in a rock is assumed to have been produced by in situ radioactive decay of 40K with ...
grade 7
grade 7

...  Describe how systems interact to distribute materials and eliminate wastes produced by life processes.  Describe that both plants and animals extract energy from food, but plants produce their own food from light, air, water, and mineral nutrients; while animals consume energy-rich foods. Biologi ...
Abstract The platypus is one of Earth`s most perplexing
Abstract The platypus is one of Earth`s most perplexing

... those found in chickens (Nature 2008). The platypus also has two genes related to fertilization that are only found in birds, amphibians and fish, but not other mammals (Warren et al. 2008). These shared genes are further evidence for evolution, because they prove that platypuses have come to be by ...
BIO102 - National Open University of Nigeria
BIO102 - National Open University of Nigeria

... On the genius name begins with an initial capital letter, Hence the scientific name of Pawpaw is Carica Papaya, Lizard – Agama agama. The names are written in italics or underlined separately. ...
INVERTEBRATES
INVERTEBRATES

... means they do not have any body cavities except a gut. Most species are parasitic. Fluke ...
Biology Exemplar Problems
Biology Exemplar Problems

... In a given habitat we have 20 plant species and 20 animal species. Should we call this as ‘diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’? Justify your answer. ...
Lesson Overview
Lesson Overview

... All animal tissues require oxygen for respiration and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. For that reason, all animals must obtain oxygen from their environment and release carbon dioxide. Humans can drown because our lungs can’t extract the oxygen we need from water. Most fishes have the opp ...
Helium - Adrian Jones - Deep Carbon Observatory
Helium - Adrian Jones - Deep Carbon Observatory

... taken as evidence for the existence of a mantle reservoir that has remained largely undegassed since the Earth's accretion. The helium isotope composition of this reservoir places constraints on the origin of volatiles within the Earth and on the evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Here w ...
3 Life in the Ocean
3 Life in the Ocean

... Studying the organisms that live in the ocean can be difficult for scientists because the ocean is so large. There are probably many kinds of marine, or ocean-dwelling, organisms that scientists have not discovered yet. There are many other marine organisms that scientists know little about. In orde ...
Body size, geometry, longevity and metabolism: do plant leaves
Body size, geometry, longevity and metabolism: do plant leaves

... capacity and dark respiration rate13–15,20,29. These relationships probably reflect selection against shortlived leaves with low photosynthetic rates, owing to their low life-time productivity, together with the combination of developmental or physiological constraints that make it impossible to bui ...
Protostomes
Protostomes

...  Most abundant mollusks during Cambrian, but only a few species survive  Resemble limpets, but in contrast to all other living mollusks, organs are repeated (as if segmented) over length of the body ...
ch13 - earthjay science
ch13 - earthjay science

... of Paleozoic. The mass extinctions of Late Palezoic that defined the boundary of those periods meet the “new” challenges and changes on Earth. Those dramatic changes occur in the continental evolution of life forms and the crustal unrest of the continents. The breakup of Pangea is taken as a pivotal ...
Microbial endemism: does phosphorus limitation enhance speciation?
Microbial endemism: does phosphorus limitation enhance speciation?

... by binary fission and therefore are ‘natural cloners’. Thus, every new microbial lineage would seem to be a new ‘species’. However, because of the widespread occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), this is not the case2. Although HGT provides an important mechanism for adaptation to local cond ...
UNIT II INTERIOR OF THE EARTH
UNIT II INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

... was 180oC at which point the rock became more like plastic than a solid, stopping further drilling.  Earth’s greatest source of heat, besides the sun, is its interior, which conducts a hundred billion calories of energy to the surface each year. So much energy radiates from inside the earth that it ...
File - Education Perfect
File - Education Perfect

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eees 2160 biodiversity - Department of Environmental Sciences
eees 2160 biodiversity - Department of Environmental Sciences

... genome is of a single long DNA molecule, a eukaryotic genome usually consists of several such molecules. Each duplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids, the two chromatids contain identical copies of the chromosome. Late in the cell division process, the sister chromatids of all of the ...
Chapter 15 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Chapter 15 - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... The Earth’s past is divided into large blocks of time called eras Subdivided into periods Subdivided into epochs Subdivided into ages Virtually all of the surviving animal groups originated in the sea at the beginning of the Paleozoic Era During or soon after the Cambrian period (545490 mya) Copyrig ...
Layers of the Earth
Layers of the Earth

... SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • Processes • Lithification = – Turning into ROCK – The process where loose sediment is compacted and turned into rock. ...
Essential Natural Science 1
Essential Natural Science 1

... • Look at these illustrations. Match them to the units on the opposite page. Then look at the book, and check your answers. ...
COLEGIO DECROLY AMERICANO
COLEGIO DECROLY AMERICANO

... Discuss the evidence that supports the theory of evolution. Compare Lamarck’s and Darwin’s theories of evolution. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of evolution. Explain natural selection and its role in the evolution of species. Describe adaptations and variations. Understand the necessities for ...
9 - The application of population genomics to fisheries management
9 - The application of population genomics to fisheries management

... Cnidarians are found most abundantly in shallow marine habitats, especially in warm temperatures and tropical regions. There are no terrestrial species. Colonial hydroids are usually found attached to mollusc shells, rocks, wharves, and other animals in shallow coastal water, but some species are fo ...
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Evolutionary history of life



The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and fossil organisms have evolved since life appeared on the planet, until the present day. Earth formed about 4.5 Ga (billion years ago) and life appeared on its surface within 1 billion years. The similarities between all present-day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.
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