Space-time counterfactuals
... But why do we not have to inquire? Let me re-phrase (in a perhaps slightly whimsical manner) the answer that Lewis gave to this question in the non-relativistic context [17]. Consider a possible world Wp in which a certain experiment, performed at space-time point r, goes differently than in the act ...
... But why do we not have to inquire? Let me re-phrase (in a perhaps slightly whimsical manner) the answer that Lewis gave to this question in the non-relativistic context [17]. Consider a possible world Wp in which a certain experiment, performed at space-time point r, goes differently than in the act ...
A parametric study of the numerical simulations of triggered VLF
... The implications for the wavefield modification are that the growth rates are much larger than the linear value due to the component of resonant particle current parallel to the wave electric field. Also there is direct modification of the wave phase due to the component of resonant particle current ...
... The implications for the wavefield modification are that the growth rates are much larger than the linear value due to the component of resonant particle current parallel to the wave electric field. Also there is direct modification of the wave phase due to the component of resonant particle current ...
Reliable quantum computers
... quantum information cannot be copied, so it is not obvious how to store information with the required redundancy. But by now all of these apparent obstacles have been overcome-we now know that quantum error correction really is possible. The key conceptual point we have grasped is that we can fight ...
... quantum information cannot be copied, so it is not obvious how to store information with the required redundancy. But by now all of these apparent obstacles have been overcome-we now know that quantum error correction really is possible. The key conceptual point we have grasped is that we can fight ...
Isotropic restriction in Group Field Theory condensates
... formalism, one foliates the 4d spacetime manifold M into a family of 3d surfaces Σt . Under this foliation, variables on M are split into 3+1 decomposition. When performing the Legendre transform on the Holst action, two fundamental conjugate variables arise: the Ashtekar-Barbero connection Aia and ...
... formalism, one foliates the 4d spacetime manifold M into a family of 3d surfaces Σt . Under this foliation, variables on M are split into 3+1 decomposition. When performing the Legendre transform on the Holst action, two fundamental conjugate variables arise: the Ashtekar-Barbero connection Aia and ...
Direct Characterization of Quantum Dynamics: General Theory
... a fundamental relationship between QED and QPT, namely whether it is possible to completely characterize the quantum dynamics of arbitrary quantum systems using QED. And, providing the answer is affirmative, how the physical resources scale with system size. Moreover, one would like to understand wh ...
... a fundamental relationship between QED and QPT, namely whether it is possible to completely characterize the quantum dynamics of arbitrary quantum systems using QED. And, providing the answer is affirmative, how the physical resources scale with system size. Moreover, one would like to understand wh ...
How “Quantum” is the D-Wave Machine?
... in the introduction, this schedule is different from the one reported in [7], which was based on an error by D-Wave [24], although this did not change their conclusions. Our paper is based entirely on the new corrected schedule [8]. We note that our conclusions also hold equally well for both schedu ...
... in the introduction, this schedule is different from the one reported in [7], which was based on an error by D-Wave [24], although this did not change their conclusions. Our paper is based entirely on the new corrected schedule [8]. We note that our conclusions also hold equally well for both schedu ...
Violation of Leggett-Garg inequalities in quantum measurements
... be positive. This requirement results in the LGIs. Specifically, the LGI given by Eq. (1) simply describes the requirement that the probability Pψ (−1, +1) for the measurement outcomes s2 = −1 and s3 = +1 should be positive. Interestingly, fundamental quantum mechanics seems to suggest that these jo ...
... be positive. This requirement results in the LGIs. Specifically, the LGI given by Eq. (1) simply describes the requirement that the probability Pψ (−1, +1) for the measurement outcomes s2 = −1 and s3 = +1 should be positive. Interestingly, fundamental quantum mechanics seems to suggest that these jo ...
Resource Letter SPE-1: Single-Photon Experiments in the Undergraduate Laboratory
... theories of our times. With unparalleled accuracy and predictive power, it allows us to comprehend nature at its most fundamental level. At the same time, it forces us to sacrifice many of our deeply rooted beliefs. It maintains nonrealism: objects or systems do not have an inherent or defined reali ...
... theories of our times. With unparalleled accuracy and predictive power, it allows us to comprehend nature at its most fundamental level. At the same time, it forces us to sacrifice many of our deeply rooted beliefs. It maintains nonrealism: objects or systems do not have an inherent or defined reali ...
Information and Entropy in Neural Networks and Interacting Systems
... α, β, γ and δ waves can indicate the overall state of alertness of a human being. Artificial neural networks (ANN) may also try to mimic these features, as in many cases it may be more convenient than a simple sequential set of one-time transformations. Short-term memory, in particular is refreshed ...
... α, β, γ and δ waves can indicate the overall state of alertness of a human being. Artificial neural networks (ANN) may also try to mimic these features, as in many cases it may be more convenient than a simple sequential set of one-time transformations. Short-term memory, in particular is refreshed ...
Transport Equations for Semiconductors
... The modern computer and telecommunication industry relies heavily on the use and development of semiconductor devices. The first semiconductor device (a germanium transistor) has been built in 1947 by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, who have been awarded the Nobel prize in 1956. In the following dec ...
... The modern computer and telecommunication industry relies heavily on the use and development of semiconductor devices. The first semiconductor device (a germanium transistor) has been built in 1947 by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, who have been awarded the Nobel prize in 1956. In the following dec ...
notes on elementary statistical mechanics
... way one also has that U1 = U2 ∝ V · λd . In the thermodynamic limit V → ∞ faster than S and hence Uint can be neglected in Eq. (1.1) (is it true also in an infinite-dimensional space with d = ∞?). This shows that U is an extensive quantity. Notice that the same argument does not apply in system with ...
... way one also has that U1 = U2 ∝ V · λd . In the thermodynamic limit V → ∞ faster than S and hence Uint can be neglected in Eq. (1.1) (is it true also in an infinite-dimensional space with d = ∞?). This shows that U is an extensive quantity. Notice that the same argument does not apply in system with ...
Quantum Annealing Implementation of Job
... The commercialization and independent benchmarking [1–4] of quantum annealers based on superconducting qubits has sparked a surge of interest for near-term practical applications of quantum analog computation in the optimization research community. Many of the early proposals for running useful prob ...
... The commercialization and independent benchmarking [1–4] of quantum annealers based on superconducting qubits has sparked a surge of interest for near-term practical applications of quantum analog computation in the optimization research community. Many of the early proposals for running useful prob ...
Quantum Annealing with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulations
... is the projection onto the eigen-space corresponding to the eigenvalue λa . According to quantum theory, when we measure the quantum system in terms of M under the state |ψ, the measurement outcome is a random variable that takes values in {λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λr }, with probability distribution P ...
... is the projection onto the eigen-space corresponding to the eigenvalue λa . According to quantum theory, when we measure the quantum system in terms of M under the state |ψ, the measurement outcome is a random variable that takes values in {λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λr }, with probability distribution P ...
Experimental Test of Wave-Particle Duality by Single Neutral Atoms
... ticle behaviors. So far, all the experimental tests of BCP with single photons, as well as experiments with atoms [19], have suffered from limited detection efficiency, which implies that only some of the photons were registered and used to eventually evaluate the results. This makes the results les ...
... ticle behaviors. So far, all the experimental tests of BCP with single photons, as well as experiments with atoms [19], have suffered from limited detection efficiency, which implies that only some of the photons were registered and used to eventually evaluate the results. This makes the results les ...
Chapter 9 Angular Momentum Quantum Mechanical Angular
... lifting a degeneracy. The idea is closely related to the discussion at the end of example 3–33. If you comprehend the idea behind that discussion, you have the basic principle of this discussion. Also, “complete” here means all possiblities are clear, i.e., that any degeneracy is removed. This is th ...
... lifting a degeneracy. The idea is closely related to the discussion at the end of example 3–33. If you comprehend the idea behind that discussion, you have the basic principle of this discussion. Also, “complete” here means all possiblities are clear, i.e., that any degeneracy is removed. This is th ...
Probability amplitude
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used in describing the behaviour of systems. The modulus squared of this quantity represents a probability or probability density.Probability amplitudes provide a relationship between the wave function (or, more generally, of a quantum state vector) of a system and the results of observations of that system, a link first proposed by Max Born. Interpretation of values of a wave function as the probability amplitude is a pillar of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In fact, the properties of the space of wave functions were being used to make physical predictions (such as emissions from atoms being at certain discrete energies) before any physical interpretation of a particular function was offered. Born was awarded half of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for this understanding (see #References), and the probability thus calculated is sometimes called the ""Born probability"". These probabilistic concepts, namely the probability density and quantum measurements, were vigorously contested at the time by the original physicists working on the theory, such as Schrödinger and Einstein. It is the source of the mysterious consequences and philosophical difficulties in the interpretations of quantum mechanics—topics that continue to be debated even today.