Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Quick Notes
... In an average adult, the liver weighs about 3 lb and is the second largest organ in the body. (Skin is the largest.) The liver contains small ducts (bile canaliculi) that collect bile and from there moves into the bile ducts. These bile ducts merge and form right and left larger hepatic ducts which ...
... In an average adult, the liver weighs about 3 lb and is the second largest organ in the body. (Skin is the largest.) The liver contains small ducts (bile canaliculi) that collect bile and from there moves into the bile ducts. These bile ducts merge and form right and left larger hepatic ducts which ...
The safety of mobilisation and its effect on haemodynamic
... treatments in total. These treatments most often included sitting on the edge of the bed and standing. Outcome measures including heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and percutaneous saturation of oxygen, were measured prior to, during and after mobilisation. Additionally, any deterio ...
... treatments in total. These treatments most often included sitting on the edge of the bed and standing. Outcome measures including heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and percutaneous saturation of oxygen, were measured prior to, during and after mobilisation. Additionally, any deterio ...
Organ Combining Form
... Splen/o = Spleen Splen/ectomy: Excision of the spleen Splen/o/megaly : Enlargement of the spleen Splen/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the spleen Splen/o/pexy: Surgical fixation of the spleen Splen/o/pathy: Any disease of the spleen Splen/o/rrhaphy: Suture of the spleen Splen/o/rrhagia: hemorrhage from the sp ...
... Splen/o = Spleen Splen/ectomy: Excision of the spleen Splen/o/megaly : Enlargement of the spleen Splen/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the spleen Splen/o/pexy: Surgical fixation of the spleen Splen/o/pathy: Any disease of the spleen Splen/o/rrhaphy: Suture of the spleen Splen/o/rrhagia: hemorrhage from the sp ...
The peritoneum
... Peritoneum is a serous membrane that line the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover the organs within these cavities Parietal peritoneum -lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities Visceral peritoneum -covers the organs Peritoneal cavity -the potential space between the pari ...
... Peritoneum is a serous membrane that line the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover the organs within these cavities Parietal peritoneum -lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities Visceral peritoneum -covers the organs Peritoneal cavity -the potential space between the pari ...
Anti-PCSK9 Monotherapy for Hypercholesterolemia
... Despite the success of statin therapy, significant gaps remain in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Many patients on statin regimens still experience complications of atherosclerosis. Others have persistently high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels due to severe forms of hypercho ...
... Despite the success of statin therapy, significant gaps remain in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Many patients on statin regimens still experience complications of atherosclerosis. Others have persistently high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels due to severe forms of hypercho ...
SKELETAL SYSTEM LAB
... INTRODUCTION: The digestive system is the system of the body that mechanically and chemically breaks down food. The digestive organs are usually divided into two main groups: the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract and the accessory structures. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (also called the alimenta ...
... INTRODUCTION: The digestive system is the system of the body that mechanically and chemically breaks down food. The digestive organs are usually divided into two main groups: the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract and the accessory structures. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (also called the alimenta ...
Article in PDF
... observed an inversion anomaly of abdominal organs, in a female cadaver of nearly 45 years of age. There were no significant findings in the external abdominal wall. Dissection of the abdominal region following the routine method, revealed inversion anomaly of the abdominal organs with the liver loca ...
... observed an inversion anomaly of abdominal organs, in a female cadaver of nearly 45 years of age. There were no significant findings in the external abdominal wall. Dissection of the abdominal region following the routine method, revealed inversion anomaly of the abdominal organs with the liver loca ...
Digestive System Part Two
... Yellow-green, alkaline solution Bile salts o Cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption Bilirubin o Pigment formed from heme Metabolized to form urobilinogen → stercobilin Lack of bile = grayish stools with fatty streaks (Acholic feces) ...
... Yellow-green, alkaline solution Bile salts o Cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption Bilirubin o Pigment formed from heme Metabolized to form urobilinogen → stercobilin Lack of bile = grayish stools with fatty streaks (Acholic feces) ...
The Role of Albumin in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
... However, albumin’s lack of incremental efficacy and significantly increased cost negate the routine use of albumin for fluid resuscitation in the most critically ill patients. Additional information is needed to determine the precise role of albumin human in relation to parenteral nonprotein colloid ...
... However, albumin’s lack of incremental efficacy and significantly increased cost negate the routine use of albumin for fluid resuscitation in the most critically ill patients. Additional information is needed to determine the precise role of albumin human in relation to parenteral nonprotein colloid ...
Current Treatment Strategies for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
... Pre-activity Survey Question 3 Six years after starting imatinib, a 53-year-old patient’s BCR-ABL/ABL has increased to 27.3%. After performing a bone marrow biopsy, the patient is still in chronic phase, has 75% Ph+ metaphases and an F317L mutation. The patient receives nilotinib at 400 mg for 12 m ...
... Pre-activity Survey Question 3 Six years after starting imatinib, a 53-year-old patient’s BCR-ABL/ABL has increased to 27.3%. After performing a bone marrow biopsy, the patient is still in chronic phase, has 75% Ph+ metaphases and an F317L mutation. The patient receives nilotinib at 400 mg for 12 m ...
Alcohol and the Liver
... (ALDH) and cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1). ADH is the main enzyme responsible for converting alcohol. In people who are chronic alcohol drinkers the liver will make more CYP2E1 in an effort to compensate for excess alcohol intake. Unfortunately, the extra production of CYP2E1 does not do much to stabi ...
... (ALDH) and cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1). ADH is the main enzyme responsible for converting alcohol. In people who are chronic alcohol drinkers the liver will make more CYP2E1 in an effort to compensate for excess alcohol intake. Unfortunately, the extra production of CYP2E1 does not do much to stabi ...
Lipids, Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, Selected Trace Elements and
... the bile induced by valproic acid could upset the homeostatic balance of Cu and cause abnormalities in serum concentration (Speich et al. 1984). The present findings show that the elevated Zn/Cu ratio in the patients on valproic acid therapy clearly appeared to be related not only to the reduced Cu ...
... the bile induced by valproic acid could upset the homeostatic balance of Cu and cause abnormalities in serum concentration (Speich et al. 1984). The present findings show that the elevated Zn/Cu ratio in the patients on valproic acid therapy clearly appeared to be related not only to the reduced Cu ...
AlbuminDT R
... Albumin is not stored by the liver but is secreted into the portal circulation as soon as it is manufactured. The rate of synthesis rate varies with nutritional and disease states. The liver can increase albumin synthesis to only 2–2.7 times normal. Albumin will be synthesized only in a suitable nut ...
... Albumin is not stored by the liver but is secreted into the portal circulation as soon as it is manufactured. The rate of synthesis rate varies with nutritional and disease states. The liver can increase albumin synthesis to only 2–2.7 times normal. Albumin will be synthesized only in a suitable nut ...
Anesthesia and the Liver
... symptoms develop. Identifying patients with marked limitation of hepatic reserve, but without overt hepatic failure is important, but often difficult. A careful preoperative history and physical examination will help identify patients in whom laboratory evaluation of liver function is appropriate. T ...
... symptoms develop. Identifying patients with marked limitation of hepatic reserve, but without overt hepatic failure is important, but often difficult. A careful preoperative history and physical examination will help identify patients in whom laboratory evaluation of liver function is appropriate. T ...
... events. In asthma, compliance with preventive or maintenance therapy has been shown to be low [3]. Poor compliance may be associated with decreased asthma control [4, 5], and higher mortality [6]. Asthma treatment guidelines advocate the introduction of a maintenance inhaled anti-inflammatory drug ( ...
Pancreatic secretion
... 1000 ml/day. Table 64–2 gives the composition of bile when it is first secreted by the liver and then after it has been concentrated in the gallbladder. This table shows that by far the most abundant substances secreted in the bile are bile salts, which account for about one half of the total solute ...
... 1000 ml/day. Table 64–2 gives the composition of bile when it is first secreted by the liver and then after it has been concentrated in the gallbladder. This table shows that by far the most abundant substances secreted in the bile are bile salts, which account for about one half of the total solute ...
Albumin in Health and Disease: Causes and Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia* CE
... used to prevent thromboembolism depends on the individual patient. Low-dose aspirin (for dogs, 0.5 mg/kg PO bid)19 may minimize pathologic platelet aggregation. More efficacious anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin) may be used when serum albumin is below 2 g/dl, a concentration that has been ass ...
... used to prevent thromboembolism depends on the individual patient. Low-dose aspirin (for dogs, 0.5 mg/kg PO bid)19 may minimize pathologic platelet aggregation. More efficacious anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin) may be used when serum albumin is below 2 g/dl, a concentration that has been ass ...
praise-i - Biostat.wisc.edu - UW
... with heart failure, even if these drugs are being considered for the treatment of coexisting angina or hypertension.7 It is not clear, however, whether all calcium-channel blockers have deleterious effects in patients with heart failure. In two controlled trials, amlodipine did not adversely affect ...
... with heart failure, even if these drugs are being considered for the treatment of coexisting angina or hypertension.7 It is not clear, however, whether all calcium-channel blockers have deleterious effects in patients with heart failure. In two controlled trials, amlodipine did not adversely affect ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... Y.Marfatia et al (15) reported nausea / vomiting in 30% and 70% patients. While in the present study it was observed in 33.8 %(n= 84) patients and 67.6%(n=169) p ` atients with Regimen A and Regimen B respectively. The most common gastrointestinal tract ADR was gastritis 68% (n=172).In a study by O= ...
... Y.Marfatia et al (15) reported nausea / vomiting in 30% and 70% patients. While in the present study it was observed in 33.8 %(n= 84) patients and 67.6%(n=169) p ` atients with Regimen A and Regimen B respectively. The most common gastrointestinal tract ADR was gastritis 68% (n=172).In a study by O= ...
Liver - Dr. Par Mohammadian
... • Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) and sympathetics from thoracic splanchnic nerves serve small intestine • Superior mesenteric artery brings blood supply • Veins (carrying nutrient-rich blood) drain into superior mesenteric veins hepatic portal vein liver ...
... • Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) and sympathetics from thoracic splanchnic nerves serve small intestine • Superior mesenteric artery brings blood supply • Veins (carrying nutrient-rich blood) drain into superior mesenteric veins hepatic portal vein liver ...
Liver: Histology
... thoracic splanchnic nerve = extrinsic innervation to small intestine sup mesenteric artery = main arterial supply veins running parallel to arteries, drain into sup mesenteric vein = nutrient-rich blood from small intestine is then carried to liver via hepatic portal vein. ...
... thoracic splanchnic nerve = extrinsic innervation to small intestine sup mesenteric artery = main arterial supply veins running parallel to arteries, drain into sup mesenteric vein = nutrient-rich blood from small intestine is then carried to liver via hepatic portal vein. ...
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Chronic Liver Disease: 2014
... 1. According to the underlying disease, HE is subdivided into • Type A resulting from ALF • Type B resulting predominantly from portosystemic bypass or shunting • Type C resulting from cirrhosis The clinical manifestations of types B and C are similar, whereas type A has distinct features and, n ...
... 1. According to the underlying disease, HE is subdivided into • Type A resulting from ALF • Type B resulting predominantly from portosystemic bypass or shunting • Type C resulting from cirrhosis The clinical manifestations of types B and C are similar, whereas type A has distinct features and, n ...
The peritoneum
... visceral layer of peritoneum, in the male, is a closed sac, but in the female, there is a communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina • This potential space between the two layers is filled with approximately 100 mL of very thin film of serous fluid to facil ...
... visceral layer of peritoneum, in the male, is a closed sac, but in the female, there is a communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina • This potential space between the two layers is filled with approximately 100 mL of very thin film of serous fluid to facil ...
File
... visceral layer of peritoneum, in the male, is a closed sac, but in the female, there is a communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina • This potential space between the two layers is filled with approximately 100 mL of very thin film of serous fluid to facil ...
... visceral layer of peritoneum, in the male, is a closed sac, but in the female, there is a communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina • This potential space between the two layers is filled with approximately 100 mL of very thin film of serous fluid to facil ...
Liver support systems
Hepatic insufficiency implies the inability of the liver to carry out its metabolic, excretory and detoxifying functions owing to a decrease in the number of functional hepatocytes or because their normal activity is altered.Hepatic insufficiency can be acute or chronic. Acute liver failure (ALF) is produced without a previous liver disease whereas the chronic liver failure is the consequence of a liver disease evolution over a long period of time, independently of its etiology and degree.The incidence of acute liver failure is estimated to be of 1-6 cases per million of person. ALF can be subclassified into hyperacute, acute and subacute based on when hepatic encephalopathy occurs following the onset of jaundice (O`Grady et al., 1993), and this classification can sometimes help to identify the etiology, potential complications and patient prognosis (Table 1).In hyperacute and acute liver failure the clinical picture develops rapidly with progressive encephalopathy and multiorgan dysfunction such as hyperdynamic circulation, coagulopathy, acute renal and respiratory insufficiency, severe metabolic alterations and cerebral edema that can lead to brain death. In these cases the mortality without liver transplantation (LTx) ranges between 40-80%. LTx is the only effective treatment for these patients although it requires a precise indication and timing to achieve good results. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of organs to carry out liver transplantations, it is estimated that one third of patients with ALF die while waiting to be transplanted.On the other hand, a patient with a chronic hepatic disease can suffer an acute decompensation of liver function following a precipitating event such as variceal bleeding, sepsis and excessive alcohol intake among others that can lead to a condition referred to as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event.LTx is the only treatment that has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with most severe cases of ALF. Nevertheless, cost and donor scarcity have prompted researchers to look for new supportive treatments that can act as “bridge” to the transplant procedure. By stabilizing the patient’s clinical state, or by creating the right conditions that could allow the recovery of native liver functions, both detoxification and synthesis can improve, after an episode of ALF or ACLF.Basically, three different types of supportive therapies have been developed: bio-artificial, artificial and hybrid liver support systems (Table 2).Bio-artificial liver support systems are experimental extracorporeal devices that use living cell lines to provide detoxification and synthesis support to the failing liver. Bio-artificial liver (BAL) Hepatassist 2000 uses porcine hepatocytes11 whereas ELAD system employs hepatocytes derived from human hepatoblastoma C3A cell lines.9, Both techniques can produce, in fulminat hepatic failure (FHF), an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy grade and biochemical parameters. Nevertheless, they are therapies with high complexity that require a complex logistic approach for implementation; a very high cost and possible inducement of important side effects such as immunological issues (porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission), infectious complications and tumor transmigration have been documented. Other biological hepatic systems are Bioartificial Liver Support (BLSS)12 and Radial Flow Bioreactor (RFB).15 Detoxification capacity of these systems is poor and therefore they must be used combined with other systems to mitigate this deficiency. Today its use is limited to centers with high experience in their application.Artificial liver support systems are aimed to temporally replace native liver detoxification functions and they use albumin as scavenger molecule to clear the toxins involved in the physiopathology of the failing liver. Most of the toxins that accumulate in the plasma of patients with liver insufficiency are protein bound, and therefore conventional renal dialysis techniques, such as hemofiltration, hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration are not able to adequately eliminate them.Between the different albumin dialysis modalities, single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) has shown some positive results at a very high cost; it has been proposed that lowering the concentration of albumin in the dialysate does not seem to affect the detoxification capability of the procedure. Nevertheless, the most widely used systems today are based on hemodialysis and adsorption. These systems use conventional dialysis methods with an albumin containing dialysate that is latter regenerate by means of adsorption columns, filled with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. At present, there are two artificial extracorporeal liver support systems: the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS)10 from Gambro and Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (FPSA), commercialised as Prometheus (PROM) from Fresenius Medical Care.13 Of the two therapies, MARS is the most frequently studied, and clinically used system to date.