Regulation of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase and Acetyl
... chloroplasts show an activation by light and deactivation in the dark. The stim ulation o f acetyl-CoA carboxylase by dithiothreitol in darkened chloroplasts points to an involvem ent o f reducing equivalents in the light activation o f this enzyme. But more than by alterations o f the activation st ...
... chloroplasts show an activation by light and deactivation in the dark. The stim ulation o f acetyl-CoA carboxylase by dithiothreitol in darkened chloroplasts points to an involvem ent o f reducing equivalents in the light activation o f this enzyme. But more than by alterations o f the activation st ...
The PLASTID DIVISION1 and 2 Components of the
... RESPONSE FACTOR2 increased the chloroplast division rate, where PDV proteins, but not other components of the division apparatus, were upregulated. These results suggest that the integration of PDV proteins into the division machinery enabled land plant cells to change chloroplast size and number in ...
... RESPONSE FACTOR2 increased the chloroplast division rate, where PDV proteins, but not other components of the division apparatus, were upregulated. These results suggest that the integration of PDV proteins into the division machinery enabled land plant cells to change chloroplast size and number in ...
Arrested Differentiation of Proplastids into Chloroplasts in
... from the tip to the middle part of the FTL at 6 d. These data suggested that this is the stage where cells are destined to undergo normal chloroplast differentiation or a possible arrest of thylakoid development (feature 1, Fig. 6). Secondly, cells in green sectors form normal chloroplasts, but this ...
... from the tip to the middle part of the FTL at 6 d. These data suggested that this is the stage where cells are destined to undergo normal chloroplast differentiation or a possible arrest of thylakoid development (feature 1, Fig. 6). Secondly, cells in green sectors form normal chloroplasts, but this ...
The metabolism of photosynthetically fixed
... 14C was in glycollic acid (Fig. 1C). Twenty-four hours later the major labelled compound was unknown 1, which now contained 40% of the soluble 14C while glycollic acid accounted for no more than 1% (Fig. 1D). Since little or no glycollate was lost from the chloroplasts after the end of the pulse, it ...
... 14C was in glycollic acid (Fig. 1C). Twenty-four hours later the major labelled compound was unknown 1, which now contained 40% of the soluble 14C while glycollic acid accounted for no more than 1% (Fig. 1D). Since little or no glycollate was lost from the chloroplasts after the end of the pulse, it ...
Plant Physiology
... 2), hence our query whether DTT' could restore the incorporation activity of dark chloroplasts. Although dark chloroplasts responded to some extent to increasing concentration of DTT, the response of light chloroplasts to DTT was significantly greater (Fig. 4). As with the response curve to ATP and ...
... 2), hence our query whether DTT' could restore the incorporation activity of dark chloroplasts. Although dark chloroplasts responded to some extent to increasing concentration of DTT, the response of light chloroplasts to DTT was significantly greater (Fig. 4). As with the response curve to ATP and ...
Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Biochemical Activity and
... (Plate i, No. 3), which was similar to that present in fresh tissue (Plate i, No. i). The chloroplasts from ioo-ppm-treated tissue showed some disorganization while those from 5oo-ppm-treated tissue showed a significant change in the ultrastructure such as disruption of inner structure and formation ...
... (Plate i, No. 3), which was similar to that present in fresh tissue (Plate i, No. i). The chloroplasts from ioo-ppm-treated tissue showed some disorganization while those from 5oo-ppm-treated tissue showed a significant change in the ultrastructure such as disruption of inner structure and formation ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... The light-powered incorporation of carbon dioxide into ribulose bisphosphate by the Calvin cycle enzymes synthesizes starch, which remains in the chloroplast stroma. Once the space for starch in the chloroplast stroma is exhausted, the 3-phosphoglycerate intermediate is converted by triosephosphate ...
... The light-powered incorporation of carbon dioxide into ribulose bisphosphate by the Calvin cycle enzymes synthesizes starch, which remains in the chloroplast stroma. Once the space for starch in the chloroplast stroma is exhausted, the 3-phosphoglycerate intermediate is converted by triosephosphate ...
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging of Individual Algal Cells: Effects
... in the effect may indicate differences in permeability of the cell wall or the cell membrane to the herbicide solution. It would be expected that younger chloroplasts would be more permeable and therefore would take up more DCMU. This scenario would result in a higher concentration of DCMU in younge ...
... in the effect may indicate differences in permeability of the cell wall or the cell membrane to the herbicide solution. It would be expected that younger chloroplasts would be more permeable and therefore would take up more DCMU. This scenario would result in a higher concentration of DCMU in younge ...
Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity
... The chloroplast is a vital component of photosynthetic cells in cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants, since it is the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts are large plant cell organelles bounded by a double-celled composite membrane with an intermembrane space, called the c ...
... The chloroplast is a vital component of photosynthetic cells in cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants, since it is the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts are large plant cell organelles bounded by a double-celled composite membrane with an intermembrane space, called the c ...
Accepted so July I979 - Journal of General Virology
... The d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o c e d u r e for the repeated e x a m i n a t i o n o f individual p r o t o p l a s t s has enabled us to delineate alternate a n d a p p a r e n t l y m u t u a l l y exclusive p a t h w a y s o f disease induction by T Y M V in the c h l o r o p l a s t s o f ...
... The d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o c e d u r e for the repeated e x a m i n a t i o n o f individual p r o t o p l a s t s has enabled us to delineate alternate a n d a p p a r e n t l y m u t u a l l y exclusive p a t h w a y s o f disease induction by T Y M V in the c h l o r o p l a s t s o f ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
... Introduction It is generally accepted that plastids originally derived from a free-living photosynthetic prokaryote. Chloroplasts still exhibit many prokaryotic features. For example, plastids contain their own genetic system consisting of a circular DNA; they reproduce by division as bacteria do; t ...
... Introduction It is generally accepted that plastids originally derived from a free-living photosynthetic prokaryote. Chloroplasts still exhibit many prokaryotic features. For example, plastids contain their own genetic system consisting of a circular DNA; they reproduce by division as bacteria do; t ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... integral membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast localization (Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1995; Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1996). In vitro studies with canine microsomes have shown that the Euglena (Sulli et al., 1999) and dinoflagellate (Nassoury et al., 2003) pre-sequen ...
... integral membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast localization (Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1995; Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1996). In vitro studies with canine microsomes have shown that the Euglena (Sulli et al., 1999) and dinoflagellate (Nassoury et al., 2003) pre-sequen ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... integral membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast localization (Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1995; Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1996). In vitro studies with canine microsomes have shown that the Euglena (Sulli et al., 1999) and dinoflagellate (Nassoury et al., 2003) pre-sequen ...
... integral membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast localization (Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1995; Sulli and Schwartzbach, 1996). In vitro studies with canine microsomes have shown that the Euglena (Sulli et al., 1999) and dinoflagellate (Nassoury et al., 2003) pre-sequen ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase-Complex, Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, Chloroplasts The enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and acetyl-CoA synthe tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll pla ...
Test File
... a. do not generate ATP. b. did not originate by endosymbiosis. c. do not replicate by division. d. synthesize their own amino acids and fatty acids. 54. Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria in that both a. have a porous outer membrane. b. generate ATP by a chemiosmotic mechanism across the inner ...
... a. do not generate ATP. b. did not originate by endosymbiosis. c. do not replicate by division. d. synthesize their own amino acids and fatty acids. 54. Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria in that both a. have a porous outer membrane. b. generate ATP by a chemiosmotic mechanism across the inner ...
Carbon dioxide fixation.
... chlorophyll a. By this mechanism, red algae, growing relatively deep under the sea where only green light penetrates, can supply the energy of this light to chlorophyll a, which has very weak absorption in the green region of the spectrum. Excitation energy is transferred efficiently in the chloropl ...
... chlorophyll a. By this mechanism, red algae, growing relatively deep under the sea where only green light penetrates, can supply the energy of this light to chlorophyll a, which has very weak absorption in the green region of the spectrum. Excitation energy is transferred efficiently in the chloropl ...
Thylakoid biogenesis has joined the new era of bacterial cell biology
... assembly steps in biogenic compartments and their separation from active sites of photosynthesis. In chloroplasts of eukaryotic algae and land plants, how and where the components of thylakoid membrane are synthesized and assembled have been explored for decades (Sato et al., 1999; Zerges, 2000). Ch ...
... assembly steps in biogenic compartments and their separation from active sites of photosynthesis. In chloroplasts of eukaryotic algae and land plants, how and where the components of thylakoid membrane are synthesized and assembled have been explored for decades (Sato et al., 1999; Zerges, 2000). Ch ...
Research Communications
... expression of transgenes in plants. The targeting of transgenes into the chloroplast by using a suitable strategy with an efficient expression cassette containing all the required elements has been the need of the day. Majority (90%) of the 3000 different proteins necessary for fully functional chlo ...
... expression of transgenes in plants. The targeting of transgenes into the chloroplast by using a suitable strategy with an efficient expression cassette containing all the required elements has been the need of the day. Majority (90%) of the 3000 different proteins necessary for fully functional chlo ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... develop along with the newly assembled photosystems for assimilating light for photosynthesis. Alternatively, proplastid to chloroplast differentiation in the light proceeds directly. In some cases, chloroplasts can also develop from other plastids such as chromoplasts, though our focus here will be ...
... develop along with the newly assembled photosystems for assimilating light for photosynthesis. Alternatively, proplastid to chloroplast differentiation in the light proceeds directly. In some cases, chloroplasts can also develop from other plastids such as chromoplasts, though our focus here will be ...
CDP1, a novel component of chloroplast division site
... overexpressing AtCDP1 were heterogeneous and the division site was misplaced (Figure 1A, 1B). Although two gene structures of AtCDP1 were present in the NCBI database (Figure 2M), only one of them was obtained by screening the expression library (shown with a black asterisk in Figure 2M). Moreover, ...
... overexpressing AtCDP1 were heterogeneous and the division site was misplaced (Figure 1A, 1B). Although two gene structures of AtCDP1 were present in the NCBI database (Figure 2M), only one of them was obtained by screening the expression library (shown with a black asterisk in Figure 2M). Moreover, ...
Stress-Induced Chloroplast Degradation in
... showed that 87% of the gold particles were localized in chloroplasts and CCVs (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3D). In addition, we analyzed leaf sections from transgenic DEX-CV-HA plants (DEX-3) (Supplemental Figure 4) for the double immunolabeling with anti-HA and anti-PsbO1 antibodies. The results sh ...
... showed that 87% of the gold particles were localized in chloroplasts and CCVs (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3D). In addition, we analyzed leaf sections from transgenic DEX-CV-HA plants (DEX-3) (Supplemental Figure 4) for the double immunolabeling with anti-HA and anti-PsbO1 antibodies. The results sh ...
Plant Cell
... showed that 87% of the gold particles were localized in chloroplasts and CCVs (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3D). In addition, we analyzed leaf sections from transgenic DEX-CV-HA plants (DEX-3) (Supplemental Figure 4) for the double immunolabeling with anti-HA and anti-PsbO1 antibodies. The results sh ...
... showed that 87% of the gold particles were localized in chloroplasts and CCVs (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3D). In addition, we analyzed leaf sections from transgenic DEX-CV-HA plants (DEX-3) (Supplemental Figure 4) for the double immunolabeling with anti-HA and anti-PsbO1 antibodies. The results sh ...
Exclusion of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase
... growing organs (Mae et al. 1983). Therefore, Rubisco degradation is closely related to photosynthesis and nitrogen economy in plants. However, little is known about the degradation process of Rubisco in senescing leaves (for reviews, see Noodén et al. 1997, Hörtensteiner and Feller 2002). Most or al ...
... growing organs (Mae et al. 1983). Therefore, Rubisco degradation is closely related to photosynthesis and nitrogen economy in plants. However, little is known about the degradation process of Rubisco in senescing leaves (for reviews, see Noodén et al. 1997, Hörtensteiner and Feller 2002). Most or al ...
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of
... 1999). The transit peptide cleavage site was predicted to be located between residues 85 and 86 of the precursor protein. Similarities between the plant pGlcTs (spinach, apricot, tobacco, potato, maize, and Arabidopsis) and members of the human GLUT family start ⵑ20 amino acid residues downstream of ...
... 1999). The transit peptide cleavage site was predicted to be located between residues 85 and 86 of the precursor protein. Similarities between the plant pGlcTs (spinach, apricot, tobacco, potato, maize, and Arabidopsis) and members of the human GLUT family start ⵑ20 amino acid residues downstream of ...
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts /ˈklɔrəplæsts/ are organelles, specialized subunits, in plant and algal cells. Their discovery inside plant cells is usually credited to Julius von Sachs (1832–1897), an influential botanist and author of standard botanical textbooks – sometimes called ""The Father of Plant Physiology"". Their main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.A chloroplast is one of three types of plastids, characterized by its high concentration of chlorophyll (the other two types, the leucoplast and the chromoplast, contain little chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis).Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division.With one exception (the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora), all chloroplasts can probably be traced back to a single endosymbiotic event (the cyanobacterium being engulfed by the eukaryote). Despite this, chloroplasts can be found in an extremely wide set of organisms, some not even directly related to each other—a consequence of many secondary and even tertiary endosymbiotic events.The word chloroplast (Greek: χλωροπλάστης) is derived from the Greek words chloros (χλωρός), which means green, and plastes (πλάστης), which means ""the one who forms"".