CYP-450
... 碍) to their elimination. As a consequence, the elimination of drugs normally requires their conversion into water soluble compounds by a process of metabolism, which enables excretion via urine or faeces(排泄 物). ...
... 碍) to their elimination. As a consequence, the elimination of drugs normally requires their conversion into water soluble compounds by a process of metabolism, which enables excretion via urine or faeces(排泄 物). ...
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase and Mitochondrial
... To study the PNPase-mediated thiol-dependent AsV reduction mechanistically, four types of incubations (type A–D) were performed. For clarity, the design of these incubations is presented in a table within Figure 6. These experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that AsV reduction takes place ...
... To study the PNPase-mediated thiol-dependent AsV reduction mechanistically, four types of incubations (type A–D) were performed. For clarity, the design of these incubations is presented in a table within Figure 6. These experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that AsV reduction takes place ...
C. jejuni
... (GGT) FLAG epitope-tagged γ glutamyltranspeptidase Expression, localization, and processing of C. jejuni 81-176 γ glutamyltranspeptidase. ...
... (GGT) FLAG epitope-tagged γ glutamyltranspeptidase Expression, localization, and processing of C. jejuni 81-176 γ glutamyltranspeptidase. ...
222 18.3 Oxidation and Flour Maturation
... various concentrations to facilitate dosing. Less often, AA of purely biological origin is used. The most common product is Acerola fruit powder, the dried juice of the Acerola cherry, with 17 - 19% pure AA. However, this more natural variant is up to 50 times more expensive than the synthetic produ ...
... various concentrations to facilitate dosing. Less often, AA of purely biological origin is used. The most common product is Acerola fruit powder, the dried juice of the Acerola cherry, with 17 - 19% pure AA. However, this more natural variant is up to 50 times more expensive than the synthetic produ ...
Elucidation and Modulation of CEB Metabolism in Fischer 344 Rats
... hydrophilic compounds are more easily excreted in the urine, bile, feces, expired air and perspiration. (Sipes and Grandolfi, 1986). Although phase I and II enzymes are localized mainly in the liver, the literature indicates that every tissue analyzed thus far has demonstrated activity towards some ...
... hydrophilic compounds are more easily excreted in the urine, bile, feces, expired air and perspiration. (Sipes and Grandolfi, 1986). Although phase I and II enzymes are localized mainly in the liver, the literature indicates that every tissue analyzed thus far has demonstrated activity towards some ...
Understanding oxidative stress and antioxidant functions in order to
... Photosynthesis is a well established source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. The photosynthetic transport chain operates in an aerobic environment and thus regulatory systems are required to minimize ROS production. An efficient antioxidant network is also essential in order to process R ...
... Photosynthesis is a well established source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. The photosynthetic transport chain operates in an aerobic environment and thus regulatory systems are required to minimize ROS production. An efficient antioxidant network is also essential in order to process R ...
632. Polyethylenimine Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles for
... hydroperoxide and other similar compounds allow rapid conversion of PEI capped gold cations into AuNPs at room temperature thus controlling the functional ability of nanoparticles as a function of organic reducing agents. Both small and higher molecular weight PEI facilitates fast synthesis of AuNPs ...
... hydroperoxide and other similar compounds allow rapid conversion of PEI capped gold cations into AuNPs at room temperature thus controlling the functional ability of nanoparticles as a function of organic reducing agents. Both small and higher molecular weight PEI facilitates fast synthesis of AuNPs ...
article in press
... 1996; Gardiner and Reed, 1995a,b). Moreover, there are effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) during IVM of cattle oocytes enhancing intracellular GSH concentration and subsequent embryo development (Wang et al., 2006). However, in horse oocytes, GSH increases during IVM but the relative intra-oocyt ...
... 1996; Gardiner and Reed, 1995a,b). Moreover, there are effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) during IVM of cattle oocytes enhancing intracellular GSH concentration and subsequent embryo development (Wang et al., 2006). However, in horse oocytes, GSH increases during IVM but the relative intra-oocyt ...
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PLANTS Ever since the introduction of
... state level of O2- and H2O2. This balance, together with sequestering of metal ions such as Fe and Cu by ferritin and copper-binding proteins, is thought to be important to prevent the formation of the highly toxic HO. via the metal-dependent Haber–Weiss or the Fenton reactions. Antioxidants such a ...
... state level of O2- and H2O2. This balance, together with sequestering of metal ions such as Fe and Cu by ferritin and copper-binding proteins, is thought to be important to prevent the formation of the highly toxic HO. via the metal-dependent Haber–Weiss or the Fenton reactions. Antioxidants such a ...
Disposition of Glutathione Conjugates in Rats by a Novel Glutamic
... with aluminum foil to protect NAPQI from light, and the solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After removal of the solvent under nitrogen at room temperature, the residue was reconstituted in water (500 l) and chromatographed on a semipreparative HPLC column (Waters Symmetry C18, 7.8 ⫻ ...
... with aluminum foil to protect NAPQI from light, and the solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After removal of the solvent under nitrogen at room temperature, the residue was reconstituted in water (500 l) and chromatographed on a semipreparative HPLC column (Waters Symmetry C18, 7.8 ⫻ ...
Complementary DNA Cloning, Messenger RNA
... which was not significantly influenced by treatment with BHA and (b) a BHA-inducible a-class GST isoform (GST 10.3). McLellan and Hayes (20) showed that, in mice, BHA induced an a-class GST isoform, termed Ya]Yai, that was essentially absent from the livers of untreated mice. These investigators als ...
... which was not significantly influenced by treatment with BHA and (b) a BHA-inducible a-class GST isoform (GST 10.3). McLellan and Hayes (20) showed that, in mice, BHA induced an a-class GST isoform, termed Ya]Yai, that was essentially absent from the livers of untreated mice. These investigators als ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... aerobic metabolism, through reactions with drugs & environmental toxins, or when level of antioxidants is diminished, all creating the condition “oxidative stress”. - The highly reactive oxygen intermediates can cause serious chemical damage to DNA, proteins, & unsaturated lipids, and can lead to ce ...
... aerobic metabolism, through reactions with drugs & environmental toxins, or when level of antioxidants is diminished, all creating the condition “oxidative stress”. - The highly reactive oxygen intermediates can cause serious chemical damage to DNA, proteins, & unsaturated lipids, and can lead to ce ...
Antioxidant Enzymes and Function
... Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PH-GPx; GPx - IV) First isolated from pig heart in 1982. Active toward hydroperoxides of phospholipids. The other GPx require phospholipase to clip hydroperoxides. Rat liver PH-GPx needs detergent for activity, pig heart does not. Rat liver - monome ...
... Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PH-GPx; GPx - IV) First isolated from pig heart in 1982. Active toward hydroperoxides of phospholipids. The other GPx require phospholipase to clip hydroperoxides. Rat liver PH-GPx needs detergent for activity, pig heart does not. Rat liver - monome ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Most explosives are based on N or S! Most nutrient assimilation occurs in source leaves! ...
... Most explosives are based on N or S! Most nutrient assimilation occurs in source leaves! ...
Pentose P Path
... Glutathione is a tripeptide that includes a Glu linked by an isopeptide bond involving the side-chain carbonyl group. Its functional group is a cysteine thiol. One role of glutathione is degradation of hydroperoxides, that arise spontaneously in the oxygen-rich environment in red blood cells. Hydrop ...
... Glutathione is a tripeptide that includes a Glu linked by an isopeptide bond involving the side-chain carbonyl group. Its functional group is a cysteine thiol. One role of glutathione is degradation of hydroperoxides, that arise spontaneously in the oxygen-rich environment in red blood cells. Hydrop ...
IJBB 46(1) 122-125
... stressed by H2O2 and t-BHP were measured. MDA concentrations increased (110 and 76%) and intracellular GSH decreased (57.8 and 49.4%) in erythrocytes oxidatively stressed by H2O2 and t-BHP, respectively. Alteration in the normal level of MDA and GSH concentration in stressed erythrocytes are indicat ...
... stressed by H2O2 and t-BHP were measured. MDA concentrations increased (110 and 76%) and intracellular GSH decreased (57.8 and 49.4%) in erythrocytes oxidatively stressed by H2O2 and t-BHP, respectively. Alteration in the normal level of MDA and GSH concentration in stressed erythrocytes are indicat ...
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)
... Thyroid hormones also lead to increased activity of the dehydrogenases increased HMP Shunt ...
... Thyroid hormones also lead to increased activity of the dehydrogenases increased HMP Shunt ...
Nonenzymatic, Self-Elimination Degradation
... three cases of pH (Fig. 4, d – f, and Fig. 5, b). To study the effect of the ionic strength on degradation, similar studies were performed using 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer. It was observed that different ionic strength at the same pH does not affect the degradation time (Fig. 4, g – i, and Fig. 5 ...
... three cases of pH (Fig. 4, d – f, and Fig. 5, b). To study the effect of the ionic strength on degradation, similar studies were performed using 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer. It was observed that different ionic strength at the same pH does not affect the degradation time (Fig. 4, g – i, and Fig. 5 ...
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... bonded by pairs of electrons)—in their quest for electrons, create a lot of damage to healthy cells. The destruction they bring when they react with important cellular components such as the DNA, not only can lead to cancer, but its damage is also among the leading theories of aging—aging thus resul ...
... bonded by pairs of electrons)—in their quest for electrons, create a lot of damage to healthy cells. The destruction they bring when they react with important cellular components such as the DNA, not only can lead to cancer, but its damage is also among the leading theories of aging—aging thus resul ...
Inborn defects in the antioxidant systems of human red blood cells
... high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane. RBCs are devoid of mitochondria, so their energy is derived solely from the anaerobic degradation of glucose in the glycolytic pathway (Fig. 1). In addition, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) can be shuttled into the pentose–phosphate pathw ...
... high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane. RBCs are devoid of mitochondria, so their energy is derived solely from the anaerobic degradation of glucose in the glycolytic pathway (Fig. 1). In addition, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) can be shuttled into the pentose–phosphate pathw ...
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... inorganic compounds. These substrates were chosen as the representative reagents since they either occur naturally in foods or have been commonly used as food additives (e.g. dough improvers, dough raising agents etc.). Glutathione occurs in animal cells in relatively large amounts (300–1500 mg/kg) ...
... inorganic compounds. These substrates were chosen as the representative reagents since they either occur naturally in foods or have been commonly used as food additives (e.g. dough improvers, dough raising agents etc.). Glutathione occurs in animal cells in relatively large amounts (300–1500 mg/kg) ...
Epsilon glutathione transferases possess a unique class
... funestus [11] and a structure from the housefly Musca domestica [12]. Therefore, additional structural data would increase our understanding of this enzyme class. In the present study, we present a novel crystal structure of an Epsilon GST (DmGSTE6) from Drosophila melanogaster. DmGSTE6 has signific ...
... funestus [11] and a structure from the housefly Musca domestica [12]. Therefore, additional structural data would increase our understanding of this enzyme class. In the present study, we present a novel crystal structure of an Epsilon GST (DmGSTE6) from Drosophila melanogaster. DmGSTE6 has signific ...
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic
... Synthesized by cells, particularly in the liver The most abundant thiol-containing substance in cells Has reduced and oxidized forms, GSH and GSSG Ratio of GSH to GSSG controls the redox potential in cells Serves as basis for the antioxidant system, quenching reactive oxygen species Conjugates sever ...
... Synthesized by cells, particularly in the liver The most abundant thiol-containing substance in cells Has reduced and oxidized forms, GSH and GSSG Ratio of GSH to GSSG controls the redox potential in cells Serves as basis for the antioxidant system, quenching reactive oxygen species Conjugates sever ...
Methylation and Glutathione, Keys to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
... Synthesized by cells, particularly in the liver The most abundant thiol-containing substance in cells Has reduced and oxidized forms, GSH and GSSG Ratio of GSH to GSSG controls the redox potential in cells Serves as basis for the antioxidant system, quenching reactive oxygen species Conjugates sever ...
... Synthesized by cells, particularly in the liver The most abundant thiol-containing substance in cells Has reduced and oxidized forms, GSH and GSSG Ratio of GSH to GSSG controls the redox potential in cells Serves as basis for the antioxidant system, quenching reactive oxygen species Conjugates sever ...
Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides and heavy metals. It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain and the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine).Thiol groups are reducing agents, existing at a concentration around 5 mM in animal cells. Glutathione reduces disulfide bonds formed within cytoplasmic proteins to cysteines by serving as an electron donor. In the process, glutathione is converted to its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), also called L-(–)-glutathione.Once oxidized, glutathione can be reduced back by glutathione reductase, using NADPH as an electron donor. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as a measure of cellular toxicity.