Basic Science for Clinicians
... Molecular Structure and Function of AMPK AMPK is actually a complex of 3 different proteins, which are referred to as the ␣, , and ␥ subunits (Figure 2). Each subunit has a distinct structure and function; their coordinated interaction is necessary for changes in the cellular environment to modulat ...
... Molecular Structure and Function of AMPK AMPK is actually a complex of 3 different proteins, which are referred to as the ␣, , and ␥ subunits (Figure 2). Each subunit has a distinct structure and function; their coordinated interaction is necessary for changes in the cellular environment to modulat ...
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND CELLULAR REGULATION, I by
... In Fall 1953, Ed Fischer joined the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Washington , where I was already a faculty member. As a graduate student in Geneva, Ed had worked on potato phosphorylase, and we thus shared a common interest in this particular enzyme. We discussed some of the puzz ...
... In Fall 1953, Ed Fischer joined the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Washington , where I was already a faculty member. As a graduate student in Geneva, Ed had worked on potato phosphorylase, and we thus shared a common interest in this particular enzyme. We discussed some of the puzz ...
Regulation of Translation by Essential Amino Acids and Glucose in
... To everyone who has contributed to this chapter of my life - please consider this is the ultimate thank you, as none of it would have happened without the brilliance, support, and good humor of each one of you. Most significantly, to my advisor Dr. John Cant – thank you for providing me with every o ...
... To everyone who has contributed to this chapter of my life - please consider this is the ultimate thank you, as none of it would have happened without the brilliance, support, and good humor of each one of you. Most significantly, to my advisor Dr. John Cant – thank you for providing me with every o ...
Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose
... cirrhosis. We previously showed that leucine, one of the branchedchain amino acids (BCAA), promotes glucose uptake under insulinfree conditions in isolated skeletal muscle from normal rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of BCAA on glucose metabolism in a rat model of CCl4- ...
... cirrhosis. We previously showed that leucine, one of the branchedchain amino acids (BCAA), promotes glucose uptake under insulinfree conditions in isolated skeletal muscle from normal rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of BCAA on glucose metabolism in a rat model of CCl4- ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... The AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein serine/threonine kinase. It mediates a nutrient signalling pathway that senses cellular energy status and was appropriately called the fuel gauge of the cell. At the cellular level, AMPK controls energy homoeostasis by ...
... The AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein serine/threonine kinase. It mediates a nutrient signalling pathway that senses cellular energy status and was appropriately called the fuel gauge of the cell. At the cellular level, AMPK controls energy homoeostasis by ...
The autophagy conundrum in cancer: influence of
... now being examined in human clinical trials. Hydroxychloroquine, a well-established inhibitor of lysosomal function and therefore autophagy, is being tested in patients with established tumors in combination with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy (reviewed by Livesey et al., 2009). Upregulation of ...
... now being examined in human clinical trials. Hydroxychloroquine, a well-established inhibitor of lysosomal function and therefore autophagy, is being tested in patients with established tumors in combination with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy (reviewed by Livesey et al., 2009). Upregulation of ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the coordination of
... models (7, 93). Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at Thr37/46 by mTOR promotes its dissociation from eIF4E bound to the mRNA 7-methylguanosine cap structure, allowing the assembly of the preinitiation complex (128). S6K1 activation needs initial phosphorylation by mTORC1 at Thr389 (101) and additional input ...
... models (7, 93). Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at Thr37/46 by mTOR promotes its dissociation from eIF4E bound to the mRNA 7-methylguanosine cap structure, allowing the assembly of the preinitiation complex (128). S6K1 activation needs initial phosphorylation by mTORC1 at Thr389 (101) and additional input ...
Doctorial Thesis Regulation of Branched
... Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid and plays a key role in protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been reported that an oral administration of leucine has been revealed to influence the plasma concentrations of other amino acids not only isole ...
... Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid and plays a key role in protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been reported that an oral administration of leucine has been revealed to influence the plasma concentrations of other amino acids not only isole ...
Insulin Signaling
... • N-terminal PH domain localizes AKT to plasma membrane (levels of PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2) • Catalytic domain activated by phosphorylation of Thr – T309 by PDK and S474 by mTORC1 AKT Kinase domain showing inactive (PDB ID 1MRV) and active (PDB IDs 1O6L) forms ...
... • N-terminal PH domain localizes AKT to plasma membrane (levels of PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2) • Catalytic domain activated by phosphorylation of Thr – T309 by PDK and S474 by mTORC1 AKT Kinase domain showing inactive (PDB ID 1MRV) and active (PDB IDs 1O6L) forms ...
A metabolic link to skeletal muscle wasting and regeneration
... 2006). The mTORC1 signaling pathway integrates a wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals, including insulin (and its related growth factors), nutrient (glucose and amino acids) availability, and cellular energy status to regulate protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth and metabolism (Lap ...
... 2006). The mTORC1 signaling pathway integrates a wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals, including insulin (and its related growth factors), nutrient (glucose and amino acids) availability, and cellular energy status to regulate protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth and metabolism (Lap ...
Marine alga Sargassum horneri active component
... formation is complete, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. The fusion between an autophagosome and a lysosome is mediated by Rab7 [34,35], homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex [36], UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein (UVRAG) [37], and soluble ...
... formation is complete, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. The fusion between an autophagosome and a lysosome is mediated by Rab7 [34,35], homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex [36], UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein (UVRAG) [37], and soluble ...
mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) controls hydrophobic motif
... plasma membrane [15,16]. Binding of PDK1 to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is important for the activation of Akt, but not SGK1, as a knockin mutation that prevented PDK1 binding to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 , suppressed the activation of Akt, but not SGK [17]. Recent work has established that complexes of the mTOR (mammali ...
... plasma membrane [15,16]. Binding of PDK1 to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is important for the activation of Akt, but not SGK1, as a knockin mutation that prevented PDK1 binding to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 , suppressed the activation of Akt, but not SGK [17]. Recent work has established that complexes of the mTOR (mammali ...
New concepts of endoplasmic reticulum function in the heart
... (Fig. 2K) [45]. Thus, depending on its strength and duration, ER stress can be survival-, or death-oriented [21]. 3. The ER stress response in the heart Interest in the ER stress response in the heart was spawned partly by the realization that myocardial ischemia and cardiac hypertrophy might alter ...
... (Fig. 2K) [45]. Thus, depending on its strength and duration, ER stress can be survival-, or death-oriented [21]. 3. The ER stress response in the heart Interest in the ER stress response in the heart was spawned partly by the realization that myocardial ischemia and cardiac hypertrophy might alter ...
p-IRS-1/2 (Tyr 612)-R: sc-17195-R
... while serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) phosphorylation of IRS-1 can either enhance or negate insulin effects. Tyrosines 465, 612, 632, 662, 941 and 989 of IRS-1 resemble YXXM motifs that upon phosphorylation are predicted to bind SH2 domains in the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, resulting in activation ...
... while serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) phosphorylation of IRS-1 can either enhance or negate insulin effects. Tyrosines 465, 612, 632, 662, 941 and 989 of IRS-1 resemble YXXM motifs that upon phosphorylation are predicted to bind SH2 domains in the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, resulting in activation ...
Regulation of hepatic metabolism by AMPK - HAL
... metabolic enzymes, long-term effects have been clearly demonstrated on the expression of a number of gene sets. AMPK promotes the induction of the transcriptional mitochondrial gene program and the inhibition of lipogenesis gene expression by direct phosphorylation of transcription factors and co-ac ...
... metabolic enzymes, long-term effects have been clearly demonstrated on the expression of a number of gene sets. AMPK promotes the induction of the transcriptional mitochondrial gene program and the inhibition of lipogenesis gene expression by direct phosphorylation of transcription factors and co-ac ...
XBRAINоаWhey Protein Isolate Worlds finest Only the Finest Quality
... percent of the protein content. Whey as a group of proteins is the fraction that separates out during cheese making. This fraction is purified to different concentrations depending on the endproduct desired and varies in protein, lactose, immunoglobulins, minerals and fat content. Of all protein ...
... percent of the protein content. Whey as a group of proteins is the fraction that separates out during cheese making. This fraction is purified to different concentrations depending on the endproduct desired and varies in protein, lactose, immunoglobulins, minerals and fat content. Of all protein ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. ...
... License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... nisms: (i) It increases the transcription of the SREBP-1c gene by an unknown mechanism, and (ii) it promotes the nuclear accumulation of SREBP-1c by favoring its cleavage from the membrane-bound SREBP-1c precursor (6). The molecular mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance are complex, but i ...
... nisms: (i) It increases the transcription of the SREBP-1c gene by an unknown mechanism, and (ii) it promotes the nuclear accumulation of SREBP-1c by favoring its cleavage from the membrane-bound SREBP-1c precursor (6). The molecular mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance are complex, but i ...
Impaired overload-induced muscle growth is associated with
... proteins and elongation factors (including eEF2), presumably via phosphorylation of rpS6 (Terada et al. 1994; Jefferies et al. 1997), and also promotes a general increase in protein elongation by an indirect activation of eEF2 (Wang et al. 2001). On the other hand, mTOR phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 pro ...
... proteins and elongation factors (including eEF2), presumably via phosphorylation of rpS6 (Terada et al. 1994; Jefferies et al. 1997), and also promotes a general increase in protein elongation by an indirect activation of eEF2 (Wang et al. 2001). On the other hand, mTOR phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 pro ...
Nutrients and growth factors in mTORC1 activation
... Alejo Efeyan and David M. Sabatini1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A., Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A., Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 021 ...
... Alejo Efeyan and David M. Sabatini1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A., Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A., Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 021 ...
Amino acids and insulin act additively to regulate components of the
... It is an inherent characteristic of C2C12 myoblasts that they fuse into multinucleated myotubes when the level of serum in the incubation medium is reduced. The expression of many muscle specific genes such as creatine kinase, desmin and myosin heavy chain is increased during myogenic differentiatio ...
... It is an inherent characteristic of C2C12 myoblasts that they fuse into multinucleated myotubes when the level of serum in the incubation medium is reduced. The expression of many muscle specific genes such as creatine kinase, desmin and myosin heavy chain is increased during myogenic differentiatio ...
Task - The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
... contrary, mice transgenic for GH and acromegalic patients secreting high amounts of GH have premature death. To better understand the role of the insulin-like receptors in mammalian lifespan regulation and ageing, we explored the phenotype of heterozygous IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) knockout mice. Compar ...
... contrary, mice transgenic for GH and acromegalic patients secreting high amounts of GH have premature death. To better understand the role of the insulin-like receptors in mammalian lifespan regulation and ageing, we explored the phenotype of heterozygous IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) knockout mice. Compar ...
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA
... activity, decreases H2O2 production and generates distinct shifts in the metabolite profiles ...
... activity, decreases H2O2 production and generates distinct shifts in the metabolite profiles ...