A. The study of chemistry is essential for the study of physiology
... b. Most metabolic reactions occur in water because when substances dissolve in water, the polar water molecules cause molecules of the substance to separate from each other or the break up into ions. These particles are then much more likely to take part in chemical reactions. c. In the body, water ...
... b. Most metabolic reactions occur in water because when substances dissolve in water, the polar water molecules cause molecules of the substance to separate from each other or the break up into ions. These particles are then much more likely to take part in chemical reactions. c. In the body, water ...
Topic 2: Molecular Biology
... U1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. U2 Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. U3 Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. A1 Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane. A2 U ...
... U1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. U2 Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. U3 Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. A1 Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane. A2 U ...
Chemistry
... Atoms can also bond by sharing electrons. Hydrogen has only 1 electron in its outer shell. It needs another to be stable. So two hydrogen atoms can share their electrons. (co-as in cooperating, or together) (Draw picture here) ...
... Atoms can also bond by sharing electrons. Hydrogen has only 1 electron in its outer shell. It needs another to be stable. So two hydrogen atoms can share their electrons. (co-as in cooperating, or together) (Draw picture here) ...
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life - OnCourse Systems For Education
... • If the antarctic oceans were to warm up, how might this affect ice fish? • The chemical reactions in all living things slow down at low temperatures. Since some of the most important reactions in our body require oxygen, how would low temperatures affect the ice fish’s need for oxygen? ...
... • If the antarctic oceans were to warm up, how might this affect ice fish? • The chemical reactions in all living things slow down at low temperatures. Since some of the most important reactions in our body require oxygen, how would low temperatures affect the ice fish’s need for oxygen? ...
ch_02 - HCC Learning Web
... Like ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds do not involve the sharing of electrons. Instead, a transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule. The cumulative effect of numerous hydrogen bonds is to sta ...
... Like ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds do not involve the sharing of electrons. Instead, a transiently charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or transient negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule. The cumulative effect of numerous hydrogen bonds is to sta ...
Unit 3
... breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
... breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
Atomic Structure, Molecular Structure & Bonding
... Polar Covalent Molecules A polar molecule is a molecule that is electrically asymmetrical, resulting in charges at two points. The molecule is said to have a molecular dipole or dipole ...
... Polar Covalent Molecules A polar molecule is a molecule that is electrically asymmetrical, resulting in charges at two points. The molecule is said to have a molecular dipole or dipole ...
Summary/Reflection of Dan Freedman`s article, Science Education
... 2. This accounts for the removal of a lot of heat when perspiration evaporates 3. This is also why oceans provide a very temperature-constant environment ...
... 2. This accounts for the removal of a lot of heat when perspiration evaporates 3. This is also why oceans provide a very temperature-constant environment ...
2421_Ch2.ppt
... Due largely to interactions such as cross-linking between distant portions of the molecule (see image – next slide) Quaternary Structure – shape due to interactions between different polypeptides making up a larger protein ...
... Due largely to interactions such as cross-linking between distant portions of the molecule (see image – next slide) Quaternary Structure – shape due to interactions between different polypeptides making up a larger protein ...
Abstract
... lighter ones. Such isotope changes are called mass-dependent fractionation. The large isotope fractionation takes place between two isotopes with a large mass difference. In the case of oxygen, the fractionation in (18O/16O) is two times larger than that in (17O/16O). It comes to be known that some ...
... lighter ones. Such isotope changes are called mass-dependent fractionation. The large isotope fractionation takes place between two isotopes with a large mass difference. In the case of oxygen, the fractionation in (18O/16O) is two times larger than that in (17O/16O). It comes to be known that some ...
ST110 Chemistry, Cellular Structure, and Function_BB
... processes, by which enzymes break the carbohydrates into glucose and other sugars, the fats into glycerol and fatty acids and the proteins into amino acids. These molecules are then transported through the bloodstream to the cells, where they are either absorbed for immediate use or sent on to the f ...
... processes, by which enzymes break the carbohydrates into glucose and other sugars, the fats into glycerol and fatty acids and the proteins into amino acids. These molecules are then transported through the bloodstream to the cells, where they are either absorbed for immediate use or sent on to the f ...
2401_Ch2.pdf
... Hydrogen Bonds formed by the charge attraction when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom Slightly positive hydrogen attracted to an electronegative atom Example – water molecules attracted to each otherweak attraction: 20X weaker ...
... Hydrogen Bonds formed by the charge attraction when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom Slightly positive hydrogen attracted to an electronegative atom Example – water molecules attracted to each otherweak attraction: 20X weaker ...
Module 3 Notes
... o Yields ____________ than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under ___________________ conditions _____________ sources can be used o Eg, can oxidize lipids, _____________ Polymers broken down by enzymes Smaller subunits enter catabolism at various points of gly ...
... o Yields ____________ than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under ___________________ conditions _____________ sources can be used o Eg, can oxidize lipids, _____________ Polymers broken down by enzymes Smaller subunits enter catabolism at various points of gly ...
Cellular Respiration
... formed through oxidation/reduction reactions – involves two complementary reactions – oxidation – liberates energy from the oxidation substance; results from the removal of one more electrons, alone or with H+ – reduction – stores energy in a reduced compound; reduction results from addition of one ...
... formed through oxidation/reduction reactions – involves two complementary reactions – oxidation – liberates energy from the oxidation substance; results from the removal of one more electrons, alone or with H+ – reduction – stores energy in a reduced compound; reduction results from addition of one ...
Matter—anything that has mass and occupies space Weight—pull of
... Valuable tools for biological research and medicine Share same chemistry as their stable isotopes Most used for diagnosis All damage living tissue Some used to destroy localized cancers ...
... Valuable tools for biological research and medicine Share same chemistry as their stable isotopes Most used for diagnosis All damage living tissue Some used to destroy localized cancers ...
Stroma
... 2. Describe the role of NAD+ and FAD. Where do these molecules come from? 3. Explain what is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation and give two examples. 4. Trace the path of glycolysis from glucose through to pyruvate, listing all major intermediates in the correct order. Be sure to keep track o ...
... 2. Describe the role of NAD+ and FAD. Where do these molecules come from? 3. Explain what is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation and give two examples. 4. Trace the path of glycolysis from glucose through to pyruvate, listing all major intermediates in the correct order. Be sure to keep track o ...
Stroma
... Describe the role of NAD+ and FAD. Where do these molecules come from? Explain what is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation and give two examples. Trace the path of glycolysis from glucose through to pyruvate, listing all major intermediates in the correct order. Be sure to keep track of any pho ...
... Describe the role of NAD+ and FAD. Where do these molecules come from? Explain what is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation and give two examples. Trace the path of glycolysis from glucose through to pyruvate, listing all major intermediates in the correct order. Be sure to keep track of any pho ...
The Chemical Level of Organization
... Molecules that share electrons equally (such as oxygen, O2) have symmetrical shapes, and a uniform electrical charge over the surface of the molecule. This is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Molecules that share electrons unequally (such as water, H2O) have an asymmetrical shape, polarizing the pos ...
... Molecules that share electrons equally (such as oxygen, O2) have symmetrical shapes, and a uniform electrical charge over the surface of the molecule. This is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Molecules that share electrons unequally (such as water, H2O) have an asymmetrical shape, polarizing the pos ...
Biochemistry PowerPoint 1
... compounds. • These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. • Elements include: H, O, S & P ...
... compounds. • These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. • Elements include: H, O, S & P ...
6O2 + C6H12O6 ------------------------
... a. The breakdown of _______________ (chemical energy from food) to form ________ for energy use in cells. b. ________________ is the type of energy used by cells to drive reactions in the body. c. The equation: **MEMORIZE THIS! ...
... a. The breakdown of _______________ (chemical energy from food) to form ________ for energy use in cells. b. ________________ is the type of energy used by cells to drive reactions in the body. c. The equation: **MEMORIZE THIS! ...
(18 pts) Pyruvate can be converted to a variety of othe
... possible to make those different products from the same starting molecule.) The molecule could undergo any of a variety of different chemical reactions. Each would lead to a different product. Starting with pyruvate, for example, a carbon-carbon bond break would lead to ethanol and carbon dioxide. R ...
... possible to make those different products from the same starting molecule.) The molecule could undergo any of a variety of different chemical reactions. Each would lead to a different product. Starting with pyruvate, for example, a carbon-carbon bond break would lead to ethanol and carbon dioxide. R ...
The collision theory of reactions
... at 300 K only 1 in 1011 collisions between H2 and N2 results in a reaction! Even at 800 K only 1 in 104 collisions results in a reaction. The collision theory says: Reactions occur when molecules collide with a certain minimum kinetic energy. The more frequent these collisions, the faster the rate o ...
... at 300 K only 1 in 1011 collisions between H2 and N2 results in a reaction! Even at 800 K only 1 in 104 collisions results in a reaction. The collision theory says: Reactions occur when molecules collide with a certain minimum kinetic energy. The more frequent these collisions, the faster the rate o ...
Cellular Respiration
... between ADP and Pi) and when the bonds break later, the energy is released. • In order to better understand ATP production, it is recommended that you read Chapter 2 – Section 2.2 • I will quickly go over it in class ...
... between ADP and Pi) and when the bonds break later, the energy is released. • In order to better understand ATP production, it is recommended that you read Chapter 2 – Section 2.2 • I will quickly go over it in class ...
Atom
... • Matter, Mass, and Weight – Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass – Mass: the amount of matter in an object – Weight: the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass ...
... • Matter, Mass, and Weight – Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass – Mass: the amount of matter in an object – Weight: the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass ...
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.