Macromolecule Expert Sheets
... Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (also phosphorous and sometimes nitrogen in phospholipids) 4. Explain why oils don’t dissolve in water. Their fatty acid components have long hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic. 5. What smaller molecules make up a fat molecule? 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 6. What fu ...
... Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (also phosphorous and sometimes nitrogen in phospholipids) 4. Explain why oils don’t dissolve in water. Their fatty acid components have long hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic. 5. What smaller molecules make up a fat molecule? 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 6. What fu ...
Document
... Derivatives of aryl or heteroaryl acetic or propionic acids are most common. Substitution of methyl group on the carbon atom separating the acid centre from the aromatic ring increase the anti-inflammatory activity. Group larger than methyl decrease activity. A second area of lipophilicity which is ...
... Derivatives of aryl or heteroaryl acetic or propionic acids are most common. Substitution of methyl group on the carbon atom separating the acid centre from the aromatic ring increase the anti-inflammatory activity. Group larger than methyl decrease activity. A second area of lipophilicity which is ...
CP Final Exam Study Guide 2015KEY
... 1. What is ATP? What are the components of ATP? Adenosine triphosphate – provides cells with energy (produced in mitochondria); components: adenine and 3 phosphate groups. 2. What is the difference between the energy stored in food and the energy in ATP? The energy stored in food (such as glucose) m ...
... 1. What is ATP? What are the components of ATP? Adenosine triphosphate – provides cells with energy (produced in mitochondria); components: adenine and 3 phosphate groups. 2. What is the difference between the energy stored in food and the energy in ATP? The energy stored in food (such as glucose) m ...
Liver- integrated lecture
... • FA can not be used for synthesis of glucose (acetyl~CoA can not be converted to glucose) • Glycerol becomes important substrate for gluconeogenesis • AA, which are hydrolyzed in skeletal muscle (especially), supply most of the carbon atoms for net glucose synthesis mostly in the for of Ala and Gln ...
... • FA can not be used for synthesis of glucose (acetyl~CoA can not be converted to glucose) • Glycerol becomes important substrate for gluconeogenesis • AA, which are hydrolyzed in skeletal muscle (especially), supply most of the carbon atoms for net glucose synthesis mostly in the for of Ala and Gln ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 12.1 Glycolysis (Embden
... hexokinase, an enzyme inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose must be phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate to enter glycolysis or to be stored as glycogen. Two other important steps in the regulation of glycolysis are catalyzed by phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Their activities are cont ...
... hexokinase, an enzyme inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose must be phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate to enter glycolysis or to be stored as glycogen. Two other important steps in the regulation of glycolysis are catalyzed by phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Their activities are cont ...
STUDY GUIDE –Intro to Cell Biology
... Light-dependent reactions: Light is absorbed by photosystem 2. Photons excite electrons in the reaction center which then are charged and kicked up to the electron transport chain. These energized electrons move through the ETC, as they do H+ pumps into the thylakoid membrane AGAINST the gradient ( ...
... Light-dependent reactions: Light is absorbed by photosystem 2. Photons excite electrons in the reaction center which then are charged and kicked up to the electron transport chain. These energized electrons move through the ETC, as they do H+ pumps into the thylakoid membrane AGAINST the gradient ( ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 28: Active Transport
... transport term + ATP hydrolysis bonds + ATP hydrolysis concentrations Transport can make [S]dest >> [S]source up to the point where the positive contribution to ∆G from transport is just less than the negative contribution from ATP hydrolysis. One advantage of ∆G is that all terms are simply additiv ...
... transport term + ATP hydrolysis bonds + ATP hydrolysis concentrations Transport can make [S]dest >> [S]source up to the point where the positive contribution to ∆G from transport is just less than the negative contribution from ATP hydrolysis. One advantage of ∆G is that all terms are simply additiv ...
Lecture 11 - Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... Biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways share common intermediates with the degradative (catabolic) pathways. The amino acids are the building blocks for proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds ...
... Biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways share common intermediates with the degradative (catabolic) pathways. The amino acids are the building blocks for proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds ...
Macromolecules - Issaquah Connect
... 16. Which type of organisms tend to make saturated fatty acids? (animals) 17. When you consume more food than you need for energy, the excess is stored in the form of triglycerides. Why are triglycerides particularly useful for this purpose? (store 2x the energy of carbs) 18. What property do all li ...
... 16. Which type of organisms tend to make saturated fatty acids? (animals) 17. When you consume more food than you need for energy, the excess is stored in the form of triglycerides. Why are triglycerides particularly useful for this purpose? (store 2x the energy of carbs) 18. What property do all li ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
Paper - IndiaStudyChannel.com
... 3. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is oxidized during glycolysis. What happens to the hydrogen atom and the electron that are removed during oxidation ? (A) they oxidize NAD+ (B) they reduce NAD+ (C) they are transferred to pyruvic acid (D) they are eliminated in the form of methane 4. In the electron tran ...
... 3. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is oxidized during glycolysis. What happens to the hydrogen atom and the electron that are removed during oxidation ? (A) they oxidize NAD+ (B) they reduce NAD+ (C) they are transferred to pyruvic acid (D) they are eliminated in the form of methane 4. In the electron tran ...
Proteins
... What does it happen to the sugar when you eat a candy bar? How is sugar regulated? What are the normal glucose levels in blood? What does your body do when it does not have any carbohydrates left to use as fuel. Explain in detail Clues: Insulin, Glucagon. Hormone regulation ...
... What does it happen to the sugar when you eat a candy bar? How is sugar regulated? What are the normal glucose levels in blood? What does your body do when it does not have any carbohydrates left to use as fuel. Explain in detail Clues: Insulin, Glucagon. Hormone regulation ...
Ch.21
... • osmotic pressure decreases in extracellular fluids • osmoreceptors stimulated in hypothalamus • hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to decrease ADH output • urine output increases ...
... • osmotic pressure decreases in extracellular fluids • osmoreceptors stimulated in hypothalamus • hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to decrease ADH output • urine output increases ...
several polypeptide chains
... 3. A carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds and can bond with other carbon atoms to form long carbon chains. 4. The phosphate end of a phospholipid is its hydrophilic end and the two carbon tails compose the hydrophobic end. 5. A pentose is a sugar with 5 carbons. 6. Cholesterol is naturally synth ...
... 3. A carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds and can bond with other carbon atoms to form long carbon chains. 4. The phosphate end of a phospholipid is its hydrophilic end and the two carbon tails compose the hydrophobic end. 5. A pentose is a sugar with 5 carbons. 6. Cholesterol is naturally synth ...
Chapter 6
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
Chapter 26
... • Control of appetite and body weight includes a still-growing list of peptide hormones and regulatory pathways that control short- and longterm appetite – Gut–brain peptides: act as chemical signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain ...
... • Control of appetite and body weight includes a still-growing list of peptide hormones and regulatory pathways that control short- and longterm appetite – Gut–brain peptides: act as chemical signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain ...
Lecture: 28 TRANSAMINATION, DEAMINATION AND
... Pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate and oxaloacetate can serve as precursors for glucose synthesis through gluconeogenesis.Amino acids giving rise to these intermediates are termed as glucogenic. Those amino acids ...
... Pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate and oxaloacetate can serve as precursors for glucose synthesis through gluconeogenesis.Amino acids giving rise to these intermediates are termed as glucogenic. Those amino acids ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... Each acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form a molecule called citrate (6C). Citrate then goes through a series of enzymecatalysed reactions back to oxaloacetate. As each carbon is lost from the citrate molecule a carbon dioxide molecule and hydrogen ions are released CFE Higher Biol ...
... Each acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form a molecule called citrate (6C). Citrate then goes through a series of enzymecatalysed reactions back to oxaloacetate. As each carbon is lost from the citrate molecule a carbon dioxide molecule and hydrogen ions are released CFE Higher Biol ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Biotin is linked to the enzyme by an amide bond between the terminal carboxyl of the biotin side chain and the e-amino group of a lysine residue. The combined biotin and lysine side chains act as a long flexible arm that allows the biotin ring to translocate between the 2 active sites. ...
... Biotin is linked to the enzyme by an amide bond between the terminal carboxyl of the biotin side chain and the e-amino group of a lysine residue. The combined biotin and lysine side chains act as a long flexible arm that allows the biotin ring to translocate between the 2 active sites. ...
Chapter 03 - Hinsdale South High School
... • Glycolysis: cytosol • Krebs Cycle: mitochondrial matrix • Electron Transport Chain: mitochondrial inner membrane ...
... • Glycolysis: cytosol • Krebs Cycle: mitochondrial matrix • Electron Transport Chain: mitochondrial inner membrane ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.