Advances in Environmental Biology A. Afroozeh,
... A PCF is an optical fiber that achieves its waveguide properties not from a spatially variable glass structure but from planning of very small and closely spaced air holes which go through the whole length of fiber [1-3]. Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a novel class of optical fiber based on the pr ...
... A PCF is an optical fiber that achieves its waveguide properties not from a spatially variable glass structure but from planning of very small and closely spaced air holes which go through the whole length of fiber [1-3]. Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a novel class of optical fiber based on the pr ...
Supplementary information (docx 376K)
... c, free-space impedance Z0=377, the effective mass m* of the Si conduction electrons (approximately 0.26 times the free-electron mass4). Note that for plasma frequencies p larger than the frequency of the probing THz radiation, n has a large imaginary part, implying strong attenuation and metall ...
... c, free-space impedance Z0=377, the effective mass m* of the Si conduction electrons (approximately 0.26 times the free-electron mass4). Note that for plasma frequencies p larger than the frequency of the probing THz radiation, n has a large imaginary part, implying strong attenuation and metall ...
metamaterial_absorber
... and correspondingly large absorption. By independently manipulating resonances in ε and µ it is possible to absorb both the incident electric and magnetic field. Additionally, a metamaterial can be impedance-matched to free space by engineering its permittivity and permeability, minimizing reflectiv ...
... and correspondingly large absorption. By independently manipulating resonances in ε and µ it is possible to absorb both the incident electric and magnetic field. Additionally, a metamaterial can be impedance-matched to free space by engineering its permittivity and permeability, minimizing reflectiv ...
T - International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
... microwave and infrared radiation on electromagnetic spectrum [1]. This practical band is often referred as “THz gap” due to the previous difficulties to exploit this region. It resembles the transition between electrical and optical frequencies for which adapting technologies for THz band has been p ...
... microwave and infrared radiation on electromagnetic spectrum [1]. This practical band is often referred as “THz gap” due to the previous difficulties to exploit this region. It resembles the transition between electrical and optical frequencies for which adapting technologies for THz band has been p ...
basic x-ray safety course - University of South Carolina
... If you could measure the radiation quantity at the surface of the body in roentgens, you could then determine the amount of absorbed dose in RADS using the proportionality constants in this table. The very far left column lists the energy of the radiation in kv (kilovolts) from 100 to 400 kv. Now a ...
... If you could measure the radiation quantity at the surface of the body in roentgens, you could then determine the amount of absorbed dose in RADS using the proportionality constants in this table. The very far left column lists the energy of the radiation in kv (kilovolts) from 100 to 400 kv. Now a ...
Soliton Self-Frequency Shift Cancellation in
... for the same frequency. Then, the wavenumber matching condition is satisfied and radiation is emitted under some angle to the direction of the particle motion (9). Because propagation in fibers is restricted to one spatial direction, time is the only other relevant coordinate. The angle in the space ...
... for the same frequency. Then, the wavenumber matching condition is satisfied and radiation is emitted under some angle to the direction of the particle motion (9). Because propagation in fibers is restricted to one spatial direction, time is the only other relevant coordinate. The angle in the space ...
Switching terahertz waves with gate-controlled active graphene metamaterials LETTERS *
... metamaterial with a charge carrier injection/depletion scheme, such as a Schottky diode18,19 or a high-electron-mobility transistor20 . Among these terahertz modulators, metamaterial–semiconductor hybrid structures have shown remarkable amplitude (∼30%) and phase (∼32.1◦ ) modulations whereas 2DEG s ...
... metamaterial with a charge carrier injection/depletion scheme, such as a Schottky diode18,19 or a high-electron-mobility transistor20 . Among these terahertz modulators, metamaterial–semiconductor hybrid structures have shown remarkable amplitude (∼30%) and phase (∼32.1◦ ) modulations whereas 2DEG s ...
Understanding Radiance, Irradiance and Radiant Flux
... unit for irradiance is watts per square meter [W/m2], or milliwatts per square millimeter [mW/mm2]. (Irradiance is sometimes called intensity, but this usage leads to confusion with another standard, but infrequently used, radiometry unit — Radiant Intensity — which is measured in watts per steradia ...
... unit for irradiance is watts per square meter [W/m2], or milliwatts per square millimeter [mW/mm2]. (Irradiance is sometimes called intensity, but this usage leads to confusion with another standard, but infrequently used, radiometry unit — Radiant Intensity — which is measured in watts per steradia ...
GCK-02 Geiger Counter Kit Manual and Assembly Guide
... cubic centimeter of air. It is abbreviated with the capital "R". One milliroentgen, abbreviated "mR" is one-thousandth of a roentgen. One microroentgen, abbreviated “uR” is one-millionth of a roentgen. RAD: Radiation Absorbed Dose. Original measuring unit for expressing the absorption of all types o ...
... cubic centimeter of air. It is abbreviated with the capital "R". One milliroentgen, abbreviated "mR" is one-thousandth of a roentgen. One microroentgen, abbreviated “uR” is one-millionth of a roentgen. RAD: Radiation Absorbed Dose. Original measuring unit for expressing the absorption of all types o ...
64E-4 - Florida Administrative Code
... (17) “Controlled area” means any area where the occupancy and activity of those within is subject to control and supervision for the purpose of protection from radiation hazards. (18) “Demonstration laser” means any laser manufactured, designed, intended, or used for purposes of demonstration, enter ...
... (17) “Controlled area” means any area where the occupancy and activity of those within is subject to control and supervision for the purpose of protection from radiation hazards. (18) “Demonstration laser” means any laser manufactured, designed, intended, or used for purposes of demonstration, enter ...
Nanoconcentration of terahertz radiation in
... terahertz radiation (frequency 1 − 10 THz or vacuum wavelength λ 0 = 300 − 30 μ m). This will allow for the nanoscale spatial resolution for THz imaging [10] and introduce the THz spectroscopy on the nanoscale, taking full advantage of the rich THz spectra and submicron to nanoscale structures of ma ...
... terahertz radiation (frequency 1 − 10 THz or vacuum wavelength λ 0 = 300 − 30 μ m). This will allow for the nanoscale spatial resolution for THz imaging [10] and introduce the THz spectroscopy on the nanoscale, taking full advantage of the rich THz spectra and submicron to nanoscale structures of ma ...
Laser - bYTEBoss
... Emission of Radiation A mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation, often visible light, via the process of stimulated ...
... Emission of Radiation A mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation, often visible light, via the process of stimulated ...
64E-4
... (19) “Diffuse reflection” means the change of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is reflected in many directions by a surface or by a medium. (20) “Electronic product” means: (a) Any manufactured or assembled product which, when in operation, 1. Contains or acts as part of an e ...
... (19) “Diffuse reflection” means the change of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is reflected in many directions by a surface or by a medium. (20) “Electronic product” means: (a) Any manufactured or assembled product which, when in operation, 1. Contains or acts as part of an e ...
Generation and application of a high-average- power polarized soft-x-ray laser beam
... by double-pass amplification with a half-cavity in which an oblique incidence multilayer mirror was used as a polarizer.6 A different approach in which the output of an injector plasma was linearly polarized and coupled into a Ne-like Ge amplifier produced polarized pulses of 23.2- and 23.6-nm radia ...
... by double-pass amplification with a half-cavity in which an oblique incidence multilayer mirror was used as a polarizer.6 A different approach in which the output of an injector plasma was linearly polarized and coupled into a Ne-like Ge amplifier produced polarized pulses of 23.2- and 23.6-nm radia ...
Nature template - PC Word 97
... Compared to storage-ring based synchrotron radiation sources4, SASE FELs are capable of providing typically eight orders of magnitude higher peak brilliance with pulse lengths of about 100 fs FWHM and almost full transverse coherence. Two main advantages of the SASE ...
... Compared to storage-ring based synchrotron radiation sources4, SASE FELs are capable of providing typically eight orders of magnitude higher peak brilliance with pulse lengths of about 100 fs FWHM and almost full transverse coherence. Two main advantages of the SASE ...
role of phase and group velocities in cerenkov radiation and
... radiation in detection is for these wavelength regions where ratio between two velocities to be close to one, because this way the errors in identifications are minimized. For water and ice the wavelength dependence of the ratio of group versus phase velocity is determined for a region between 2×10- ...
... radiation in detection is for these wavelength regions where ratio between two velocities to be close to one, because this way the errors in identifications are minimized. For water and ice the wavelength dependence of the ratio of group versus phase velocity is determined for a region between 2×10- ...
p s s c Direct observation
... transport to be studied. Ultrashort pulses of near-infrared radiation are strongly absorbed in opaque semiconductors, creating a high concentration of hot photocarriers immediately below the surface (penetration depth: < 100 nm [9]). Ultrafast, ambipolar diffusion of these electrons and holes produc ...
... transport to be studied. Ultrashort pulses of near-infrared radiation are strongly absorbed in opaque semiconductors, creating a high concentration of hot photocarriers immediately below the surface (penetration depth: < 100 nm [9]). Ultrafast, ambipolar diffusion of these electrons and holes produc ...
1. Introduction - Radioengineering
... the CPSs. A spectroscopy of powder specimen was also demonstrated, though the frequency was limited below 1 THz [6]. In most of the experiments, the CPSs were formed on ion-dosed silicon or low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs substrates, which themselves serve as the ...
... the CPSs. A spectroscopy of powder specimen was also demonstrated, though the frequency was limited below 1 THz [6]. In most of the experiments, the CPSs were formed on ion-dosed silicon or low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs substrates, which themselves serve as the ...
High-Repetition TDS System
... repetition rate, which is a difficult task in conventional fiber lasers. Given these characteristics, this method is expected to enable the construction of a stable, flexible THz-TDS system. Figure 9 shows the configuration of the THz-TDS system based on the MZ-FCG. When the MZ-FCG is driven by an R ...
... repetition rate, which is a difficult task in conventional fiber lasers. Given these characteristics, this method is expected to enable the construction of a stable, flexible THz-TDS system. Figure 9 shows the configuration of the THz-TDS system based on the MZ-FCG. When the MZ-FCG is driven by an R ...
Electromagnetic waves in free space
... Let us apply the Fourier transform to a practical example. Suppose we have a waveform f(t) that consists of a single angular frequency !0 , which is turned on for a ®nite time T (®gure 2.4). What is its spectrum a(!)? We might think that since we only used one frequency to construct f(t), the spectr ...
... Let us apply the Fourier transform to a practical example. Suppose we have a waveform f(t) that consists of a single angular frequency !0 , which is turned on for a ®nite time T (®gure 2.4). What is its spectrum a(!)? We might think that since we only used one frequency to construct f(t), the spectr ...
Photon diffraction
... and corpuscles “ [1] that electromagnetism and optics are substantially different physical branches, although they have some common specifics. Maxwell’ s equations describe electromagnetic phenomena but they cannot be applied also to light, to infrared, to ultraviolet radiation and to X-rays. Electr ...
... and corpuscles “ [1] that electromagnetism and optics are substantially different physical branches, although they have some common specifics. Maxwell’ s equations describe electromagnetic phenomena but they cannot be applied also to light, to infrared, to ultraviolet radiation and to X-rays. Electr ...
Infrared camera ME207
... Infrared energy is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, terahertz waves, microwaves, and radio waves. These are all related and differentiated in the length of their wave (wavelength) ...
... Infrared energy is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, terahertz waves, microwaves, and radio waves. These are all related and differentiated in the length of their wave (wavelength) ...
Imaging with Terahertz Pulses
... metric as a function of thickness identifies the predicted material thickness and the complex refractive index. We investigate the limits of our method with respect to the minimum measurable refractive index and compare our results to literature data for several different materials. For each pixel, ...
... metric as a function of thickness identifies the predicted material thickness and the complex refractive index. We investigate the limits of our method with respect to the minimum measurable refractive index and compare our results to literature data for several different materials. For each pixel, ...
Infrared Spectroscopy_03
... In conversional dispersive spectroscopy, frequencies are separated and only a small portion is detected at any particular instant, while the remainder is discarded. The immediate result is a frequencydomain spectrum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy generates time-domain spectra as the immedi ...
... In conversional dispersive spectroscopy, frequencies are separated and only a small portion is detected at any particular instant, while the remainder is discarded. The immediate result is a frequencydomain spectrum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy generates time-domain spectra as the immedi ...
Classical Radiation Processes in the Weizsäcker
... In this paper, we emphasize a simplified version of the Weizsäcker-Williams method with the goal of illustrating the main qualitative features of various radiation processes. A more detailed analysis can reproduce the complete forms of the classical radiation, as has been demonstrated for synchrotro ...
... In this paper, we emphasize a simplified version of the Weizsäcker-Williams method with the goal of illustrating the main qualitative features of various radiation processes. A more detailed analysis can reproduce the complete forms of the classical radiation, as has been demonstrated for synchrotro ...
Terahertz radiation
In physics, terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency, T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz; 1 THz = 1012 Hz). Wavelengths of radiation in the terahertz band correspondingly range from 1 mm to 0.1 mm (or 100 μm). Because terahertz radiation begins at a wavelength of one millimeter and proceeds into shorter wavelengths, it is sometimes known as the submillimeter band, and its radiation as submillimeter waves, especially in astronomy.Terahertz radiation occupies a middle ground between microwaves and infrared light waves known as the terahertz gap, where technology for its generation and manipulation is in its infancy. It represents the region in the electromagnetic spectrum where the frequency of electromagnetic radiation becomes too high to be measured digitally via electronic counters, so must be measured by proxy using the properties of wavelength and energy. Similarly, the generation and modulation of coherent electromagnetic signals in this frequency range ceases to be possible by the conventional electronic devices used to generate radio waves and microwaves, requiring the development of new devices and techniques.