Godfrey SCJ, Lawton JH, 2001. Scale and species
... events. It is possible that species numbers are at a dynamic equilibrium at which the rates of extinction and speciation precisely balance each other and that many suitable niches are unoccupied, or it could be that the number of species increases until all niches are filled up. For some taxa, the f ...
... events. It is possible that species numbers are at a dynamic equilibrium at which the rates of extinction and speciation precisely balance each other and that many suitable niches are unoccupied, or it could be that the number of species increases until all niches are filled up. For some taxa, the f ...
ppt
... biodiversity loss could see 6% of global GDP wiped out as early as 2050. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity executive summary (2010) reports that “over 50% of CEOs surveyed in Latin America and 45% in Africa see declines in biodiversity as a challenge to business growth. In contrast, less ...
... biodiversity loss could see 6% of global GDP wiped out as early as 2050. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity executive summary (2010) reports that “over 50% of CEOs surveyed in Latin America and 45% in Africa see declines in biodiversity as a challenge to business growth. In contrast, less ...
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
... of them are caused by human mismanagement of biological resources often stimulated by misguided economic policies and faulty institutions. 3.1 Principal threats to biodiversity A threat by definition refers to any process or event whether natural or human induced that is likely to cause adverse effe ...
... of them are caused by human mismanagement of biological resources often stimulated by misguided economic policies and faulty institutions. 3.1 Principal threats to biodiversity A threat by definition refers to any process or event whether natural or human induced that is likely to cause adverse effe ...
2009 Review Sheet - University of Arizona | Ecology and
... 56. What are the five major threats to biodiversity? Do they often act in concert? 57. What is the evidence for global climate change? 58. Which part of the planet will heat up faster? What is expected to happen to Polar Bear populations? 59. How does understanding phenology help us comprehend the p ...
... 56. What are the five major threats to biodiversity? Do they often act in concert? 57. What is the evidence for global climate change? 58. Which part of the planet will heat up faster? What is expected to happen to Polar Bear populations? 59. How does understanding phenology help us comprehend the p ...
AP Biology Big Idea 1 part C
... A reduction in shallow water habitat A colder and drier climate inland Changes in climate as continents moved toward and away from the poles Changes in ocean circulation patterns leading to global cooling ...
... A reduction in shallow water habitat A colder and drier climate inland Changes in climate as continents moved toward and away from the poles Changes in ocean circulation patterns leading to global cooling ...
Diversity, invasive species and extinctions in insular ecosystems
... and the unit of analyses is evolutionary events within a clade rather than the unit of extinction (Westoby, Leishman & Lord 1995; Sullivan et al. 2006). In contrast, the distribution of extinction risk is phylogenetically non-random for many taxa, and failing to account for such factors can arguably ...
... and the unit of analyses is evolutionary events within a clade rather than the unit of extinction (Westoby, Leishman & Lord 1995; Sullivan et al. 2006). In contrast, the distribution of extinction risk is phylogenetically non-random for many taxa, and failing to account for such factors can arguably ...
Resource Partitioning and Why It Matters | Learn Science at Scitable
... Classic experiments and mathematical models show that two species cannot coexist on the same limiting resource if they use it in the same way: The superior competitor will always win out. If ecologically similar species (like corals on a reef or plants in a field) compete with one another for limiti ...
... Classic experiments and mathematical models show that two species cannot coexist on the same limiting resource if they use it in the same way: The superior competitor will always win out. If ecologically similar species (like corals on a reef or plants in a field) compete with one another for limiti ...
I-HEDGE: determining the optimum complementary sets of taxa for
... Current metrics consider the expected contribution of each taxon to future subsets of taxa (i.e., scenarios where some taxa are lost). One is the ‘‘fair proportion’’ or ‘‘evolutionary distinctness’’ metric (Redding, 2003; Isaac et al., 2007; Jetz et al., 2014) extended to networks, where all future ...
... Current metrics consider the expected contribution of each taxon to future subsets of taxa (i.e., scenarios where some taxa are lost). One is the ‘‘fair proportion’’ or ‘‘evolutionary distinctness’’ metric (Redding, 2003; Isaac et al., 2007; Jetz et al., 2014) extended to networks, where all future ...
... two Green Revolution varieties occupied 98% of the entire rice growing area in the mid-1980s. The same is true with animal genetic resources. The introduction of modern breeds that are better suited for high production demands of industrial agriculture has displaced indigenous livestock breeds world ...
Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on ecological communities
... relationship to the physical environment, and also to other species that might be food resources, competitors, predators, or pathogens. These adaptations are difficult to characterize because the relationships of any particular species are complex. However, we can learn something about the nature of ...
... relationship to the physical environment, and also to other species that might be food resources, competitors, predators, or pathogens. These adaptations are difficult to characterize because the relationships of any particular species are complex. However, we can learn something about the nature of ...
ClsI eEl eEl - Competitive Enterprise Institute
... extinctions out of a present estimated total of 3 -1O million and species. The table in tum is based on a linear relationship running from zero percent species extinguished at zero percent tropical forest cleared, to about 95% extinguished at 100% tropical forest clearing. The main source of differe ...
... extinctions out of a present estimated total of 3 -1O million and species. The table in tum is based on a linear relationship running from zero percent species extinguished at zero percent tropical forest cleared, to about 95% extinguished at 100% tropical forest clearing. The main source of differe ...
Bio-What?! - CPAWS Southern Alberta
... Biodiversity keeps natural areas together The loss of animals or plants from an ecosystem affects other species in the food chain – breaking up the natural functions of the ecosystem. This may eventually lead to negative impacts on surrounding natural areas and to the human population Biodiversity a ...
... Biodiversity keeps natural areas together The loss of animals or plants from an ecosystem affects other species in the food chain – breaking up the natural functions of the ecosystem. This may eventually lead to negative impacts on surrounding natural areas and to the human population Biodiversity a ...
Species traits explaining sensitivity of snakes to human land use
... Understanding how traits affect species responses to threats like habitat loss may help prevent extinctions. This may be especially true for understudied taxa for which we have little data to identify declines before it is too late to intervene. We used a metric derived from citizen science data on ...
... Understanding how traits affect species responses to threats like habitat loss may help prevent extinctions. This may be especially true for understudied taxa for which we have little data to identify declines before it is too late to intervene. We used a metric derived from citizen science data on ...
The “New Conservation`s” Surrender to Development
... objectives. This includes exchanging native landscapes and diversity for manmade systems to provide food and pleasure for people, a global-scale process that we call “Gardening.” Joining The Nature Conservancy are neoliberal economists and social ecologists who advocate business-oriented initiatives ...
... objectives. This includes exchanging native landscapes and diversity for manmade systems to provide food and pleasure for people, a global-scale process that we call “Gardening.” Joining The Nature Conservancy are neoliberal economists and social ecologists who advocate business-oriented initiatives ...
Notes towards Biodiversity Chapter 5
... Extinction events are relatively short (in terms of geological time) periods with greatly increased extinction rates (Leakey and Lewin 1995, Futuyma 1998, Futuyma 2005, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c). Extinction events form peaks on the graph shown. The definition of a mass extinction event depends ...
... Extinction events are relatively short (in terms of geological time) periods with greatly increased extinction rates (Leakey and Lewin 1995, Futuyma 1998, Futuyma 2005, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c). Extinction events form peaks on the graph shown. The definition of a mass extinction event depends ...
Notes towards Biodiversity Chapter 6
... This is the third and biggest of the 5 mass extinctions (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Futuyma 1998). It may have taken place over 5—8 million years (Groombridge 1992, Caughley & Gunn 1996, Dobson 1996) or been a single event that took less than 10 000 years or occurred as 2 peaks ...
... This is the third and biggest of the 5 mass extinctions (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Futuyma 1998). It may have taken place over 5—8 million years (Groombridge 1992, Caughley & Gunn 1996, Dobson 1996) or been a single event that took less than 10 000 years or occurred as 2 peaks ...
Document
... Low genetic diversity impairs the biological fitness of a species; thus increasing the likelihood of extinction. The Great Famine in the 19thcentury Ireland is a perfect example. Conclusion If the biodiversity continues to deteriorate, not only will all species in the world find it hard to flouris ...
... Low genetic diversity impairs the biological fitness of a species; thus increasing the likelihood of extinction. The Great Famine in the 19thcentury Ireland is a perfect example. Conclusion If the biodiversity continues to deteriorate, not only will all species in the world find it hard to flouris ...
Unanswered questions in ecology
... This is very much a personal view of what I think are some of the most important unanswered questions in ecology. That is, these are the questions that I expect will be high on the research agenda over the coming century. The list is organized hierarchically, beginning with questions at the level of ...
... This is very much a personal view of what I think are some of the most important unanswered questions in ecology. That is, these are the questions that I expect will be high on the research agenda over the coming century. The list is organized hierarchically, beginning with questions at the level of ...
Biological diversity in a changing world
... what we would now call ecology through his comments on issues such as the relationship between range size and abundance. Like other early researchers, Darwin was primarily concerned with documenting patterns, but also willing to consider process. For example, in the Origin of Species, he reflects th ...
... what we would now call ecology through his comments on issues such as the relationship between range size and abundance. Like other early researchers, Darwin was primarily concerned with documenting patterns, but also willing to consider process. For example, in the Origin of Species, he reflects th ...
introduction
... vulnerability. As they are at the end of their natural range, they are particularly sensitive to environmental degradation. Conscious management of forests to protect understorey and conservation and cultivation of these species is necessary if bamboo diversity is to be maintained under such conditi ...
... vulnerability. As they are at the end of their natural range, they are particularly sensitive to environmental degradation. Conscious management of forests to protect understorey and conservation and cultivation of these species is necessary if bamboo diversity is to be maintained under such conditi ...
Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology part A
... ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Sympatric refers to organisms whose ranges overlap or are even identical, so that they occur together at least in some places, such a distribution may be the result of sympatric speciation. ...
... ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Sympatric refers to organisms whose ranges overlap or are even identical, so that they occur together at least in some places, such a distribution may be the result of sympatric speciation. ...
Critical Biodiversity
... change, and by the presence of other species. This multidimensional lattice defines a dynamic vector of available “niches” (Plotnick & Mckinney 1993). The possible niches include all of the local environment types and all of the species themselves. The particular niches individual species are adapte ...
... change, and by the presence of other species. This multidimensional lattice defines a dynamic vector of available “niches” (Plotnick & Mckinney 1993). The possible niches include all of the local environment types and all of the species themselves. The particular niches individual species are adapte ...
Community Ecology - Home
... Predation-Amensalism Summary • Gause did early predator-prey experiments, and concluded that cycles in nature result from constant migration, because he couldn’t get coexistence in his experiments. • Huffaker found habitat complexity allowed coexistence • Holling studied Functional response – relati ...
... Predation-Amensalism Summary • Gause did early predator-prey experiments, and concluded that cycles in nature result from constant migration, because he couldn’t get coexistence in his experiments. • Huffaker found habitat complexity allowed coexistence • Holling studied Functional response – relati ...
Invasive species: A global threat to biodiversity (PDF 1190KB)
... many other isolated ecosystems worldwide 2) Invasive alien species have already established in the Subantarctic and have done MAJOR damage 3) Transport into the Antarctic is increasing, including fishing and polar research vessels from the Arctic. ...
... many other isolated ecosystems worldwide 2) Invasive alien species have already established in the Subantarctic and have done MAJOR damage 3) Transport into the Antarctic is increasing, including fishing and polar research vessels from the Arctic. ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.