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Selection Guide to Clamp-On Current Probes
Selection Guide to Clamp-On Current Probes

... of that current. Such an arrangement has two important benefits for universal current measurement. First, since the Hall voltage is not dependent on a reversing magnetic field, but only on its strength, the device can be used for DC measurement. Second, when the magnetic field strength varies due to ...
Electric Current and Circuits
Electric Current and Circuits

... Engineers and designers of electrical circuits use special symbols that show the components and connections in a circuit.  A drawing made with these symbols is called a circuit diagram.  Follow these rules when you draw circuit ...
Some Basics of System Grounding
Some Basics of System Grounding

... distributed ground, whereas a deepdriven single electrode is a point ground. An important difference between the two concerns the distribution of voltage gradients at the surface during fault conditions. Due to its concentrated area, a point ground can exhibit a steep voltage gradient near the singl ...
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... Since XL and Re are functions of frequency, the test frequency must be given when specifying Q. XL typically increases with frequency at a faster rate than Re at lower frequencies, and vice versa at higher frequencies. This results is a bell-shaped curve for Q vs frequency. Re is mainly comprised of ...
Flexible cords and plugs to 1000V
Flexible cords and plugs to 1000V

MFC190 - Algodue
MFC190 - Algodue

... with portable devices. MFC190 coils are available in different sizes and can be supplied according to customer’s design, therefore they can be used in all those applications, in which traditional transducers are not fitting due to its size and/ or weight. Due to its specific features, flexible Rogow ...
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Motors and Generators

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Unit 51: Electrical Technology

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Simple Current Limit Circuit using Transistors
Simple Current Limit Circuit using Transistors

... load with a wire (0Ω) almost the entire supply voltage (11.3V) will be dropped across the collector emitter junction of Q1 at 50mA. P = VI = 11.3V * 0.05A = 0.565W (quite a bit for the 2N3904). Note: One reason to have a current limit is to protect the power supply incase the output gets shorted to ...
File - In Class, with Miss. Coates
File - In Class, with Miss. Coates

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A. Internal Inductance

... motors to make them commercially viable. The motors became popular very quickly and were used in many applications. With this the electric energy era really and truly started. However with the increase in load large voltage and unacceptable drops were experienced, especially at points that were loca ...
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... Note: As the current density increases, cross sectional area decreases, resistance of the conductor increases, I2R loss increases and temperature of the machine increases. If the cooling facility is not good, temperature rise will unnecessarily be high. Hence higher value of current density should b ...
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Faraday`s Law

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Electromagnetism: The Motor Lab Student Version

... medical equipment. Can you think of any other devices that use motors? A conductor is an object that allows a charge to flow. Depending upon a material’s conductance, electricity can flow freely through the material. Metals are good conductors of electrical current. Another thing to consider when ta ...
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... Current sensitivity of galvanometer depends on (i) Number of turns N: It increases with increase of number of turns. (ii) Area of coil A: It increases with increase of area of coil. Ans.26 Space wave propagation: Space wave propagation is a straight line propagation of electromagnetic wave from tran ...
Today`s Objectives - RanelaghALevelPhysics
Today`s Objectives - RanelaghALevelPhysics

... Draw and explain the characteristics for a wire, a filament bulb, thermistor and diode. Explain how and why resistance depends on temperature for metals and semiconductors. ...
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... Danish  scientist  named  Hans  Christian  Oersted  noticed  a  magnetic  compass  move  when  he  turned  on  a   circuit  next  to  it.    Later,  the  work  by  Michael  Faraday  and  James  Clerk  Maxwell  showed  that  they  ar ...
Spin-polarized Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
Spin-polarized Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy

... by moving the tip in the x and y directions while using a feed-back loop in order to hold the current constant. In order to achieve such a constant current, the tip has to be moved in the z direction to follow the atomic contours on the surface. This means that if the z motion is mapped as a functi ...
Iron Powder Core Selection For RF Power Applications
Iron Powder Core Selection For RF Power Applications

... where f is frequency in hertz. Figure C is a graphic representation showing AWG wire size versus frequency for a skin depth equal to the conductor radius. For example, at 1 MHz, a wire larger than #35 AWG will not be fully utilized and will thus show an increased AC resistance. Due to this, the use ...
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... viable. The motors became popular very quickly and were used in many applications. With this the electric energy era really and truly started. However with the increase in load large voltage and unacceptable drops were experienced, especially at points that were located far away from the generating ...
GX3113351337
GX3113351337

... part of a circuit, or in our case: bond wires and electrical paths, resulting in undesirable effect on other bond wires or circuits behavior and leading to signal performances degradation such as distortion and attenuation. Actually the information lack about bond wire behavior oblige academic and p ...
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Skin effect



Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the conductor. The electric current flows mainly at the ""skin"" of the conductor, between the outer surface and a level called the skin depth. The skin effect causes the effective resistance of the conductor to increase at higher frequencies where the skin depth is smaller, thus reducing the effective cross-section of the conductor. The skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating current. At 60 Hz in copper, the skin depth is about 8.5 mm. At high frequencies the skin depth becomes much smaller. Increased AC resistance due to the skin effect can be mitigated by using specially woven litz wire. Because the interior of a large conductor carries so little of the current, tubular conductors such as pipe can be used to save weight and cost.
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