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APA 4314 Laboratory No. 8 Electromyography: Isometric Contractions
APA 4314 Laboratory No. 8 Electromyography: Isometric Contractions

... Resistance. The opposition of a device or material to the flow of direct-current (DC), equal to the voltage drop across the element divided by the current through the element (R=V/I). In a alternating-current resistance is equal to the real part of the complex impedance. Impedance. Impedance is the ...
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... to a resistive response from the superconducting electrons also[6]. However, well below Tc such resistivity is smaller than the normal state resistivity by a factor hΩ/∆ , where ∆ is the energy gap[6]. Such factor is of the order of 10-9 for low frequencies, so that the resistive behavior of superco ...
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Skin effect



Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the conductor. The electric current flows mainly at the ""skin"" of the conductor, between the outer surface and a level called the skin depth. The skin effect causes the effective resistance of the conductor to increase at higher frequencies where the skin depth is smaller, thus reducing the effective cross-section of the conductor. The skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating current. At 60 Hz in copper, the skin depth is about 8.5 mm. At high frequencies the skin depth becomes much smaller. Increased AC resistance due to the skin effect can be mitigated by using specially woven litz wire. Because the interior of a large conductor carries so little of the current, tubular conductors such as pipe can be used to save weight and cost.
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