... addressed the importance of antibodies in relation to malaria infection and their effective interactions with Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) polymorphisms in individuals residing where malaria is endemic. Our data indicate that the frequency of FcγRIIa-R/R131 genotype was significantly higher in Su ...
Characterization of thymic hyperplasia associated with autoimmune
... Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscular disease mediated by autoantibodies, mainly directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The pathogenic antibodies are especially produced in the thymus, which is often characterized by a hyperplasia with germinal centers. Recent studies demonstr ...
... Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscular disease mediated by autoantibodies, mainly directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The pathogenic antibodies are especially produced in the thymus, which is often characterized by a hyperplasia with germinal centers. Recent studies demonstr ...
Mucosal Vaccines: Where Do We Stand?
... Mucosal vaccination has to take into account the fact that the mucosal immune system differs from its systemic counterpart in several important respects. Mucosal tissues have specialized antigen sampling strategies [2], and specialized immune effector mechanisms such as secretory immunoglobulin A (s ...
... Mucosal vaccination has to take into account the fact that the mucosal immune system differs from its systemic counterpart in several important respects. Mucosal tissues have specialized antigen sampling strategies [2], and specialized immune effector mechanisms such as secretory immunoglobulin A (s ...
Recognition of bacteria by inflammasomes.
... factors into the host cell cytosol, but considerable evidence suggests they can also translocate flagellin (27, 36). Cytosolic translocation of flagellin is presumably inadvertent, because flagellin has no known function in the host cell cytosol. The natural hosts of L. pneumophila are amoebae, not ...
... factors into the host cell cytosol, but considerable evidence suggests they can also translocate flagellin (27, 36). Cytosolic translocation of flagellin is presumably inadvertent, because flagellin has no known function in the host cell cytosol. The natural hosts of L. pneumophila are amoebae, not ...
Pathogenesis of prion diseases
... Prions are the agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), with unconventional properties, such as resistance to high temperatures, high pressures, formaldehyde treatment or UV-irradiation. The term ‘prion’ does not have any structural implications other than that a protein is an essent ...
... Prions are the agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), with unconventional properties, such as resistance to high temperatures, high pressures, formaldehyde treatment or UV-irradiation. The term ‘prion’ does not have any structural implications other than that a protein is an essent ...
An Introduction to Artificial Immune Systems
... Signal 2 – antigen is properly presented by APC Signal ...
... Signal 2 – antigen is properly presented by APC Signal ...
Preview the material
... transport of nutrients throughout the rest of the body where red blood cells are needed. As more red blood cells are sequestered in the spleen, the rate of their destruction is also increased, which only further potentiates the effects of decreased red blood cells in the rest of the body. An indivi ...
... transport of nutrients throughout the rest of the body where red blood cells are needed. As more red blood cells are sequestered in the spleen, the rate of their destruction is also increased, which only further potentiates the effects of decreased red blood cells in the rest of the body. An indivi ...
Trichophyton rubrum Manipulates the Innate Immune Functions of
... system? [7,8]. It has been proposed that T. rubrum may have developed evasion mechanisms to escape or even to suppress the host immune responses [9-11]. It is well known that patients that resolve this infection do so using cellular immunity (Th1-type) as the main resource * E-mail: luzalegar@hotmai ...
... system? [7,8]. It has been proposed that T. rubrum may have developed evasion mechanisms to escape or even to suppress the host immune responses [9-11]. It is well known that patients that resolve this infection do so using cellular immunity (Th1-type) as the main resource * E-mail: luzalegar@hotmai ...
Differential Host Immune Responses to Epidemic and Endemic
... endemic strains of S. dysenteriae type 1. Shigellacidal activity of serum from rabbits immunized with epidemic or endemic strains, S. dysenteriae type 1-infected patients, and healthy adult controls from Shigellaendemic and non-endemic regions was measured. Immunogenic cross-reactivity of antibodies ...
... endemic strains of S. dysenteriae type 1. Shigellacidal activity of serum from rabbits immunized with epidemic or endemic strains, S. dysenteriae type 1-infected patients, and healthy adult controls from Shigellaendemic and non-endemic regions was measured. Immunogenic cross-reactivity of antibodies ...
Spatial and temporal regulation of cytokine expression in Type 2
... age. These cells did not drastically change in numbers or IL-13 responses in a range of inflammatory conditions including a model of atopic dermatitis. Basophils were found to respond to the atopic dermatitis model by migrating specifically to the treated skin site and draining lymph node, and produ ...
... age. These cells did not drastically change in numbers or IL-13 responses in a range of inflammatory conditions including a model of atopic dermatitis. Basophils were found to respond to the atopic dermatitis model by migrating specifically to the treated skin site and draining lymph node, and produ ...
Micro Chapter 13 [4-20
... the winter and early spring, often after a recent upper respiratory viral infection Strep pneumonia is also one of the leading causes of acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, and ...
... the winter and early spring, often after a recent upper respiratory viral infection Strep pneumonia is also one of the leading causes of acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, and ...
Recent developments in basophil research
... [46]. These findings along with the notion that basophils produce IL-9 [35] suggest a role for basophils ...
... [46]. These findings along with the notion that basophils produce IL-9 [35] suggest a role for basophils ...
View PDF - FEMS Microbiology Reviews
... cells (Tregs). The counterbalance is crucial to avoid inflammation and immunopathology. Furthermore, the parasite has developed multiple mechanisms to evade immune clearance, including sequestration, antigen variation and diversity, and may hijack the counterbalancing mechanisms of the host to downr ...
... cells (Tregs). The counterbalance is crucial to avoid inflammation and immunopathology. Furthermore, the parasite has developed multiple mechanisms to evade immune clearance, including sequestration, antigen variation and diversity, and may hijack the counterbalancing mechanisms of the host to downr ...
Lipid Biology and Lymphatic Function: A Dynamic Interplay with
... leads to severe skin lymphatic dysfunction as reducing hypercholesterolemia with ezetimibe treatment improves lymphatic function and cholesterol clearance from skin [35,47]. Impairment of lymphatic function in these mice was associated with initial lymphatic vessel hyperplasia, loss of collecting ve ...
... leads to severe skin lymphatic dysfunction as reducing hypercholesterolemia with ezetimibe treatment improves lymphatic function and cholesterol clearance from skin [35,47]. Impairment of lymphatic function in these mice was associated with initial lymphatic vessel hyperplasia, loss of collecting ve ...
Elevated HMGB1-related interleukin
... inflammation, immunity, migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, antimicrobial defense and tissue regeneration) [3-7]. Especially, extracellular HMGB1, released by immune cells (e.g., macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, NKs), fibroblasts, or epithelial cells, functions as a DAMP to ...
... inflammation, immunity, migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, antimicrobial defense and tissue regeneration) [3-7]. Especially, extracellular HMGB1, released by immune cells (e.g., macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, NKs), fibroblasts, or epithelial cells, functions as a DAMP to ...
the effects of thymus and other lymphoid organs enclosed in
... rated pore size of 0.1/z. The manner of construction and sterilization was similar to that described in detail in a previous article (17). This type of chamber was first pretested for possible cell leakage by enclosing a solid block of Gross leukemia tissue within each chamber and inserting the whol ...
... rated pore size of 0.1/z. The manner of construction and sterilization was similar to that described in detail in a previous article (17). This type of chamber was first pretested for possible cell leakage by enclosing a solid block of Gross leukemia tissue within each chamber and inserting the whol ...
Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Malaria
... Malaria is still a major global health problem, killing more than one million people every year. Almost all of these deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, one of the four species of malaria parasites infecting humans. This high burden of mortality falls heavily on sub-Saharan Africa, where ove ...
... Malaria is still a major global health problem, killing more than one million people every year. Almost all of these deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, one of the four species of malaria parasites infecting humans. This high burden of mortality falls heavily on sub-Saharan Africa, where ove ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.