Lesson 16 – Subtypes (Color Ink Saving)
... bathroom doorknob, you're being exposed to germs. Fortunately for most of us, the immune system is constantly on call to do battle with bugs that could put us out of commission. What Is the Immune System and What Does It Do? The immune (pronounced: ih-myoon) system is the body's defense against infe ...
... bathroom doorknob, you're being exposed to germs. Fortunately for most of us, the immune system is constantly on call to do battle with bugs that could put us out of commission. What Is the Immune System and What Does It Do? The immune (pronounced: ih-myoon) system is the body's defense against infe ...
immunology – introduction - 1
... – INF-a = family of related peptides produced by monocytes – INF-b = single protein produced by fibroblasts and other cells – Although structurally different, bind to same receptor, same responses » paracrine action: virally infected cells secrete to non-infected cells » induce enzymes that interfer ...
... – INF-a = family of related peptides produced by monocytes – INF-b = single protein produced by fibroblasts and other cells – Although structurally different, bind to same receptor, same responses » paracrine action: virally infected cells secrete to non-infected cells » induce enzymes that interfer ...
5c Acquired Immunity II
... • Antigens and Antigenic Determinants: Non-self and MHC proteins • Cell Types of the Humoral Response and How they Develop ...
... • Antigens and Antigenic Determinants: Non-self and MHC proteins • Cell Types of the Humoral Response and How they Develop ...
No T cells
... Mouse Y and the congenic Mouse X(Y) carry an identical MHC gene locus T-cells recognize products of MHC genes as self or non-self If any cell of an individual starts to produce foreign (viral or bacterial) or abnormal (tumor associated) proteins, the T-cells recognize these antigen presenting cells ...
... Mouse Y and the congenic Mouse X(Y) carry an identical MHC gene locus T-cells recognize products of MHC genes as self or non-self If any cell of an individual starts to produce foreign (viral or bacterial) or abnormal (tumor associated) proteins, the T-cells recognize these antigen presenting cells ...
File
... • Lobules are lined with epithelial cells that secrete hormones called thymosins, which are involved in the differentiation of T cells • T cells that react to the body’s own cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) • T cells that leave the thymus can react to foreign molecules ...
... • Lobules are lined with epithelial cells that secrete hormones called thymosins, which are involved in the differentiation of T cells • T cells that react to the body’s own cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) • T cells that leave the thymus can react to foreign molecules ...
Common Traits To All Various Causes
... Inevitable: dose related e.g. cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation. The timing, duration of aplasia and recovery depend on the dose. Recovery is usual except with whole body irradiation. ...
... Inevitable: dose related e.g. cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation. The timing, duration of aplasia and recovery depend on the dose. Recovery is usual except with whole body irradiation. ...
B Cells and Antibodies
... • Functions of antibodies • B cell activation; the role of helper T cells in antibody production • Therapeutic targeting of B cells ...
... • Functions of antibodies • B cell activation; the role of helper T cells in antibody production • Therapeutic targeting of B cells ...
Infections: Evading Immune Systems
... • Contact or enter host cells and directly cause cell death. • Release toxins that kill cells at a distance • Release enzymes that degrade tissue components • Damage blood vessels and cause cell injury or death due to lack of blood supply. • Induce host cellular responses that, although directed aga ...
... • Contact or enter host cells and directly cause cell death. • Release toxins that kill cells at a distance • Release enzymes that degrade tissue components • Damage blood vessels and cause cell injury or death due to lack of blood supply. • Induce host cellular responses that, although directed aga ...
Inflammatory response: 1. Vascular reaction 2. Cellular reaction
... - high levels of TNF DIC - LPS and TNF induce tissue factor (TF) expression on endothelial cells initiates coagulation and inhibit anticoagulation (via tissue factor pathway inhibitor- TFPI and endothelial cell thrombomodulin) - over production of NO heart failure, loss of perfusion pressure ...
... - high levels of TNF DIC - LPS and TNF induce tissue factor (TF) expression on endothelial cells initiates coagulation and inhibit anticoagulation (via tissue factor pathway inhibitor- TFPI and endothelial cell thrombomodulin) - over production of NO heart failure, loss of perfusion pressure ...
Chapter 19
... – Type I: due to antibodies against pathogens which end up attacking self cells (due to similarity between Ags) – Type II: antibodies react with cell-surface antigens, but no cytotoxic destruction of the cells; e.g. Graves’ disease & myasthenia gravis – Type III (Immune Complex): immune complexes (f ...
... – Type I: due to antibodies against pathogens which end up attacking self cells (due to similarity between Ags) – Type II: antibodies react with cell-surface antigens, but no cytotoxic destruction of the cells; e.g. Graves’ disease & myasthenia gravis – Type III (Immune Complex): immune complexes (f ...
S. Typhi-specific CD8+ T EM responses
... Uncovered, for the first time, that S. Typhi-specific CD8 T cell baseline responses correlate significantly with clinical outcome after infection Revealed some of the immunological mechanisms responsible for delayed time to disease onset Demonstrated that multifunctional T cells appear to play ...
... Uncovered, for the first time, that S. Typhi-specific CD8 T cell baseline responses correlate significantly with clinical outcome after infection Revealed some of the immunological mechanisms responsible for delayed time to disease onset Demonstrated that multifunctional T cells appear to play ...
Lecture 12 - Immunology
... which bind to foreign substances like toxins & bacteria to “tag” or mark them for destruction. Driven by T cells & B cells. Cellular Immunity: Cell-mediated immunity which includes the actions of lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or cells infected with cancer, viruses, or parasites. Driven by T ...
... which bind to foreign substances like toxins & bacteria to “tag” or mark them for destruction. Driven by T cells & B cells. Cellular Immunity: Cell-mediated immunity which includes the actions of lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or cells infected with cancer, viruses, or parasites. Driven by T ...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
... Humoral response to HIV. The humoral immune response occurs later in infection; therefore, the level of antibodies during the acute infection is very low. Non-neutralising antibodies to structural proteins (i.e. P17 and P24) are first to appear and generally do not persist. Later neutralising antibo ...
... Humoral response to HIV. The humoral immune response occurs later in infection; therefore, the level of antibodies during the acute infection is very low. Non-neutralising antibodies to structural proteins (i.e. P17 and P24) are first to appear and generally do not persist. Later neutralising antibo ...
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY The Immune Response
... How Do B Cells Produce Antibodies? – B cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow of adults (liver of fetuses). – After maturation B cells migrate to lymphoid organs (lymph node or spleen). – Clonal Selection: When a B cell encounters an antigen it recognizes, it is stimulated and divides into ...
... How Do B Cells Produce Antibodies? – B cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow of adults (liver of fetuses). – After maturation B cells migrate to lymphoid organs (lymph node or spleen). – Clonal Selection: When a B cell encounters an antigen it recognizes, it is stimulated and divides into ...
acute leukaemias
... coagulation (especially for the DIC of M3) Bone marrow examination cell markers and molecular studies (eg of marrow cells) ...
... coagulation (especially for the DIC of M3) Bone marrow examination cell markers and molecular studies (eg of marrow cells) ...
Chapter 8
... ‘Lymphocytes’ which are White blood cells Proteins called Antibodies which destroy pathogens ...
... ‘Lymphocytes’ which are White blood cells Proteins called Antibodies which destroy pathogens ...
BIO 142 Unit 3 Learning Objectives
... 2. Describe prions and name a disease caused by prions. 3. Define cytokines. 4. Using Figure 22.2, compare innate and adaptive immunity. 5. Explain the role of skin and mucosal membranes as the first line ...
... 2. Describe prions and name a disease caused by prions. 3. Define cytokines. 4. Using Figure 22.2, compare innate and adaptive immunity. 5. Explain the role of skin and mucosal membranes as the first line ...
Ebola virus: The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the
... antigen-specific immune responses develop in time to restrict viral replication and bring about survival, otherwise death occurs 1–2 weeks after the onset of symptoms (Sanchez et al., 2004). No anti-viral drugs have been identified that block ebolavirus replication. Patient care is supportive in nat ...
... antigen-specific immune responses develop in time to restrict viral replication and bring about survival, otherwise death occurs 1–2 weeks after the onset of symptoms (Sanchez et al., 2004). No anti-viral drugs have been identified that block ebolavirus replication. Patient care is supportive in nat ...
Homeostasis
... functioning of the immune system. When they encounter foreign cells, some lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies -large proteins that destroy or otherwise interfere with the vital activities of foreign cells. Other types of lymphocytes, called T cells, either actively kill the foreign cells usi ...
... functioning of the immune system. When they encounter foreign cells, some lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies -large proteins that destroy or otherwise interfere with the vital activities of foreign cells. Other types of lymphocytes, called T cells, either actively kill the foreign cells usi ...
Our perpetually vigilant internal guardian
... Active immunotherapy describes treatments such as engineered T cells that attack cancer on their own, said Royston, a biotech investor and oncologist who co-founded Hybritech, San Diego’s first biotech. Hybritech used monoclonals for diagnostics, including the first test for PSA. Hybritech was sold ...
... Active immunotherapy describes treatments such as engineered T cells that attack cancer on their own, said Royston, a biotech investor and oncologist who co-founded Hybritech, San Diego’s first biotech. Hybritech used monoclonals for diagnostics, including the first test for PSA. Hybritech was sold ...
Immunology 2
... » Chronic urticaria & some drug allergies- type II hypersensitivity (IgG mediated) » Asthma, rhinitis (inflammation of internal areas of the nose), eczema: mixed inflammation o type I hypersensitivity (IgE mediated) o type IV hypersensitivity (chronic inflammation) Allergic Reactions take place in 2 ...
... » Chronic urticaria & some drug allergies- type II hypersensitivity (IgG mediated) » Asthma, rhinitis (inflammation of internal areas of the nose), eczema: mixed inflammation o type I hypersensitivity (IgE mediated) o type IV hypersensitivity (chronic inflammation) Allergic Reactions take place in 2 ...
Immunology - PharmaEuphoria
... Antigenic determinants or epitopes are components of antigen. Each antigen carries many epitopes. Each Yshaped antibody molecule has at least two binding sites that can attach to a specific epitope on an antigen. An antibody can also bind to identical epitopes of two different cells at the same time ...
... Antigenic determinants or epitopes are components of antigen. Each antigen carries many epitopes. Each Yshaped antibody molecule has at least two binding sites that can attach to a specific epitope on an antigen. An antibody can also bind to identical epitopes of two different cells at the same time ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.