Simulating immunity
... 1. An antigen (e.g. a virus) enters the body after overcoming the body’s first nonspecific defenses such as the acids of the stomach, the protective wall of the skin, or the mucous membranes. 2. A macrophage engulfs the virus nonspecifically. 3. The macrophage then “digests” the virus and displays p ...
... 1. An antigen (e.g. a virus) enters the body after overcoming the body’s first nonspecific defenses such as the acids of the stomach, the protective wall of the skin, or the mucous membranes. 2. A macrophage engulfs the virus nonspecifically. 3. The macrophage then “digests” the virus and displays p ...
Document
... • HIV’s coat protein (gp120) attaches to the CD4 receptor • A nearby protein (gp41) fuses the virus to the target cell • HIV enters the cell and uses reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral RNA • This DNA (provirus) directs the host cell to make viral RNA (and proteins), enabling the virus t ...
... • HIV’s coat protein (gp120) attaches to the CD4 receptor • A nearby protein (gp41) fuses the virus to the target cell • HIV enters the cell and uses reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral RNA • This DNA (provirus) directs the host cell to make viral RNA (and proteins), enabling the virus t ...
Posters Abstracts
... explanation is that thymic output is already playing such a small role in young adults that its decline during aging need not be compensated for. In patients treated with an autologous stem-cell transplantation, on the other hand, we did find evidence for increased lymphocyte production rates. Despi ...
... explanation is that thymic output is already playing such a small role in young adults that its decline during aging need not be compensated for. In patients treated with an autologous stem-cell transplantation, on the other hand, we did find evidence for increased lymphocyte production rates. Despi ...
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... in all three patients is the same — systemic lupus erythematosus, which afflicts an estimated 1.4 million Americans, including one out of every 250 African-American women aged 18 to 65. It may disrupt almost any part of the body: skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels or brain. At times, ...
... in all three patients is the same — systemic lupus erythematosus, which afflicts an estimated 1.4 million Americans, including one out of every 250 African-American women aged 18 to 65. It may disrupt almost any part of the body: skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels or brain. At times, ...
inverse relationship between net electric charge on the antigen and
... charge . These findings indicated that it is possible to distinguish between thymocytes on the basis of their capacity to react with more acidic or more basic surfaces and that a population of thymus-derived cells may recognize immunogens on the basis of their overall electrical charge . In the pres ...
... charge . These findings indicated that it is possible to distinguish between thymocytes on the basis of their capacity to react with more acidic or more basic surfaces and that a population of thymus-derived cells may recognize immunogens on the basis of their overall electrical charge . In the pres ...
white blood cell and platelet decreases
... suppress platelet production by infecting megakaryocytes and indirectly suppress production by causing alterations in the production of cytokines (cell-produced chemicals) and growth factors needed for proper platelet production and function. Research has shown that HIV infection may induce macropha ...
... suppress platelet production by infecting megakaryocytes and indirectly suppress production by causing alterations in the production of cytokines (cell-produced chemicals) and growth factors needed for proper platelet production and function. Research has shown that HIV infection may induce macropha ...
Lect 03 - Connective Tissue
... 7. T cells (Lymphocytes) - 6-9µm diameter, makes up 20-50% of WBCs ...
... 7. T cells (Lymphocytes) - 6-9µm diameter, makes up 20-50% of WBCs ...
Generation of monocyte- derived Dendritic Cells (moDCs)
... (APCs) of the mammalian immune system [1]. Being responsible for the induction of T or T-dependent immunity and tolerance, they are especially abundant in epithelia, e.g. skin and intestinal tract, the ideal location to encounter invading pathogens [2]. DCs continuously sample their environment for ...
... (APCs) of the mammalian immune system [1]. Being responsible for the induction of T or T-dependent immunity and tolerance, they are especially abundant in epithelia, e.g. skin and intestinal tract, the ideal location to encounter invading pathogens [2]. DCs continuously sample their environment for ...
Defence Against Disease
... cells play a vital role in both non-specific and specific defence. It is vitally important that, when defending the body against pathogens, the white blood cells are able to distinguish foreign cells and particles from those of our own body. The molecules present on the surface of the cell membranes ...
... cells play a vital role in both non-specific and specific defence. It is vitally important that, when defending the body against pathogens, the white blood cells are able to distinguish foreign cells and particles from those of our own body. The molecules present on the surface of the cell membranes ...
In our study we established hepatic immune injury in mice successfully
... non-neural cells including endothelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes and dendritic cells. It stimulates immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β. SP ind ...
... non-neural cells including endothelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes and dendritic cells. It stimulates immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β. SP ind ...
Humoral immune responses “Antibody”
... The laboratory tested a baby for IgM maternal antibodies. An investigator attempted to use fluorescent-labeled F(ab')2 fragments to locate class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells without cross-linking (binding two molecules together) th ...
... The laboratory tested a baby for IgM maternal antibodies. An investigator attempted to use fluorescent-labeled F(ab')2 fragments to locate class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells without cross-linking (binding two molecules together) th ...
Document
... circulating freely in body fluids • Bind temporarily to target cell – Temporarily inactivate – Mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement ...
... circulating freely in body fluids • Bind temporarily to target cell – Temporarily inactivate – Mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement ...
Lymphatic System - SCF Faculty Site Homepage
... Foreign (non-self) cells or chemicals that produce an immune response (stimulate antibody production) Are microbes, parts of microbes, blood cells, transplant tissues, and a variety of chemicals ...
... Foreign (non-self) cells or chemicals that produce an immune response (stimulate antibody production) Are microbes, parts of microbes, blood cells, transplant tissues, and a variety of chemicals ...
Document
... Cytokines “Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are redundant in their activity, meaning similar functions can be stimulated by different cytokines. They are often produced in a cascade, as one ...
... Cytokines “Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are redundant in their activity, meaning similar functions can be stimulated by different cytokines. They are often produced in a cascade, as one ...
Immune Cells - Morgan Community College
... TH Cells Release Cytokines • Cytokines are chemicals that control the immune response – Inflammatory mediators: cause fever; attract WBCs to the infection ...
... TH Cells Release Cytokines • Cytokines are chemicals that control the immune response – Inflammatory mediators: cause fever; attract WBCs to the infection ...
WebQuest - Affton School District
... involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells and chemicals. 20. Explain the cell-mediated response. What causes this type of response? What kinds of cells are involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells. 21. What is the role of a macrophage in the immune response? 22. What speci ...
... involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells and chemicals. 20. Explain the cell-mediated response. What causes this type of response? What kinds of cells are involved? Explain the functions of each of these cells. 21. What is the role of a macrophage in the immune response? 22. What speci ...
Powerpoint - UCSF Immunology Program
... Multiple mechanisms may allow vesicular proteins to get to cytosol or to Class I MHC molecules. ...
... Multiple mechanisms may allow vesicular proteins to get to cytosol or to Class I MHC molecules. ...
Altered immunological reactivity in alveolar R.B Gallagher*,
... and accessory function did not correlate with pulmonary T cells. The immunological competence of pulmonary macrophages is currently the subject of some controversy. We have found lavage macrophages to be significantly poorer accessory cells than peripheral blood monocytes. This is in agreement with ...
... and accessory function did not correlate with pulmonary T cells. The immunological competence of pulmonary macrophages is currently the subject of some controversy. We have found lavage macrophages to be significantly poorer accessory cells than peripheral blood monocytes. This is in agreement with ...
T cells
... Recognizing self-MHC results in MHC restriction—survivors are restricted to recognizing antigen on self-MHC. Survivors proceed to negative selection. ...
... Recognizing self-MHC results in MHC restriction—survivors are restricted to recognizing antigen on self-MHC. Survivors proceed to negative selection. ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.