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B.Sc. Microbiology Part-II-2013
B.Sc. Microbiology Part-II-2013

... solenoid structure) Evidence for the role of DNA and RNA as the genetic material. Plasmids and Episome. Transposable elements of prokaryotes and Eukaryotes – Types and significance. UNIT II Molecular structure and types of DNA. Molecular structure and types of RNA – m- RNA, t RNA, r-RNA, Sn- RNA an ...
lecture21.pps
lecture21.pps

Molecular Oncology
Molecular Oncology

...  Cytotoxic and noncytotoxic methods with flow cytometry detection.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with solubilized HLA antigens.  Mixed lymphocyte culture measuring growth of lymphocytes activated by cross-reactivity.  Measure of HLA-protein mobility differences in one-dimensional ge ...
What Is the Immune System?
What Is the Immune System?

... In this disorder, the immune system attacks moisture-producing glands in the body. It causes dry eyes and dry mouth, as well as joint pain and fatigue. There is no cure, though the symptoms can be treated. Women are nine times more likely to be affected than men. Allergens and the Immune System Cert ...
39_Autoimmune diseases_LA
39_Autoimmune diseases_LA

... IgG is made against a wide range of cell-surface and intracellular self antigens that are common to many cell types. The immune complexes formed by these antigens and antibodies are deposited in various tissues, where they cause inflammatory reactions resembling type III hypersensitivity reactions. ...
Submission - Provisions of the Research Involving Embryos and
Submission - Provisions of the Research Involving Embryos and

... genetically altered by the insertion of a number of genes including that for human insulin. The cells created are capable of producing insulin in a manner similar to that of a normal pancreatic insulinproducing cell. A number of other research groups have genetically altered liver cells from animals ...
Bio-261-Immune-System-part-2
Bio-261-Immune-System-part-2

... 3 The granzymes initiate apoptosis within the target cells, leading to fragmentation of the nucleus, release of small apoptotic bodies, and eventual cell death. The released cytotoxic T cell can attack other target cells. ...
THE T CELL RECEPTOR (TCR)
THE T CELL RECEPTOR (TCR)

... cells. 2. Naïve T cells that encounter antigens in the absence of costimulators become anergic. 3. Microbes or innate immune cytokines stimulate expression of costimulators on APCs. 4. Costimulators are recognized by their receptors on T cells and provide the second signal necessary for T cell activ ...
4. immune_team_
4. immune_team_

... you need two signals ( 2 interactions ) • First signal • Interaction between ( Class II MHC + antigen ) with TCR • ] mediated by IL-1, LFA-1 with ICAM ( InterCellular Adhesion Molecule 1) [ • Second signal (Co - stimulatory signal) Interaction between B7 on APC with CD28 on T lymphocyte The two reac ...
pathology-tumor_LÁ
pathology-tumor_LÁ

... ESCAPE MECHANISMS OF TUMOR CELLS AND TUMOR ...
white blood cells are
white blood cells are

... Much of immunity is acquired immunity that does not develop until after the body is first attacked by a bacterium, virus, or toxin, often requiring weeks or months to develop the immunity. An additional portion of immunity results from general processes, rather than from processes directed at specif ...
Physiology Lecture 3
Physiology Lecture 3

... - Islet cell transplant. 2- Type II diabetes ● Usually occurs after age 40, and it is more common. ● Type II is caused by insufficient insulin or less responsive target cell receptors. ● Although type II is hereditary, its onset correlates with obesity and an inactive lifestyle. ● Type II diabetes c ...
T cells - Saint Demetrios Astoria School
T cells - Saint Demetrios Astoria School

... • B and T cells develop antigen receptors on their surfaces. – All the antigen receptors on a particular cell recognize a single specific antigen. – The great diversity of B cells and T cells produces enough different antigen receptors to bind to just about every possible antigen. ...
Hypersensitivity Ch. 18-19
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... • Know the diseases associated with Type II hypersensitivity ...
document
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... Key role in humoral immunity: • produce antibodies against antigens • act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) • develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction ...
Ebola virus: The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the
Ebola virus: The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the

... the heavily glycosylated surface glycoprotein (GP) can bind to a variety of target molecules, including cellsurface lectins (Takada et al., 2004). Replication results in necrosis of infected cells. Studies in macaques have demonstrated that the major early targets of ZEBOV infection are two types of ...
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No Slide Title

... vesicle within macrophage activated macrophage kills Leishmania ...
CHAPTER 43
CHAPTER 43

... Lymphocytes of a third type remain in the blood and become the natural killer cells active in innate immunity. ...
Introduction - Philsci
Introduction - Philsci

... response: an immune 'reaction' refers to the interaction between immune receptors and antigenic patterns, whereas there is an immune 'response' when the interaction (reaction) leads to the activation of immune cells, that is, to the triggering of effector mechanisms. It might therefore be tempting t ...
bacteria review
bacteria review

... cold can be treated by digesting the herb Echinacea. The following table shows results from a study conducted to explore the e ects of Echinacea on children with colds. ...
Nanorobots As Cellular Assistants in Inflammatory Responses
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... the blood endothelium, a process known as transmigration, is a complex mechanism involving engagement of cell surface receptors to adhesion molecules, active force exertion and dilation of the vessel walls and physical deformation of the migrating cells [9]. By attaching themselves to migrating infl ...
W. Drobnik, E. Orso, W. Diederich, G. Schmitz
W. Drobnik, E. Orso, W. Diederich, G. Schmitz

... (E-mail: [email protected]) The human cartilage 39 kD glycoprotein (HCgp-39) is a tissue-restricted chitin-binding lectin and member of the family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. It is strongly expressed in mature macrophages and serves as a specific marker for late stages of macrophage ...
Genetically Engineered Antibodies
Genetically Engineered Antibodies

... promise and the enormous research effort expended on them, they have yet to make a significant impact as clinical tools. Monoclonals are not used routinely to treat or image tumors, to provide passive immunization against infectious diseases, or for immunosuppression after organ transplant-all uses ...
blood stem cell - Cloudfront.net
blood stem cell - Cloudfront.net

... contains anti-D. Most often Rhogam is given to women at 28 weeks of pregnancy. The Rh negative mother is most likely to be exposed to the baby’s blood in the last 3 months of pregnancy, so a second dose is often given within 72 hours of delivery if the baby is found to be Rh positive. A mother must ...
Thymus and Spleen
Thymus and Spleen

... • The central artery is found in the white pulp • The central artery is surrounded by the PALS, which is T cells • Penicilli branch from the central artery into the red pulp ...
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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system’s most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.
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