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Cells - HAL
Cells - HAL

... flow cytometry. Indeed, the uptake of apoptotic material may involve endocytosis or macropinocytosis of shed apoptotic corpses rather than phagocytosis of whole cells [20], two internalization processes that may be undetectable by with MGG staining. The flow cytometric approach allowed us to compare ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... an important mechanism of action [60–62]. This is mediated primarily through local inflammation induced by virus infection, which stimulates the maturation of DCs and causes them to migrate to the draining lymph nodes, where they can cross-present tumor antigens to naïve T cells [63]. OV-mediated ce ...
Investigating the Mechanisms of Massage Efficacy
Investigating the Mechanisms of Massage Efficacy

... cytokine pathway that, in turn, is an important process in inflammation.15 Activation of the Th1 cytokine pathway is influenced by the release of established neutrophil attractants that have been shown to be upregulated immediately after electrical stimulation in myotubes in vitro.15,22,23 Invading ne ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... into memory and plasma cells by inducing Janus kinase (JAK) proteins via the phosphorylation of STAT3 [49]. In addition, IL-10 by itself can also lead to significant AID transcription to facilitate IgA production [50]. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells also express high levels of molecules critically ...
Wickenden et al. EHA 2016 PB2040
Wickenden et al. EHA 2016 PB2040

... 1Cancer Studies, 2Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom Background: Specific microbial antigens have been implicated in the development and maintenance of several types of marginal zone lymphoma suggesting that an abnormal immune response is essential for driving B-cell pr ...
Insights Into the Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Insights Into the Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

... behavior is also another prime area for STI research. Social scientists working with mathematicians are now beginning to make significant contributions to understanding sexual networks.16 The provocatively entitled article “Chains of Affection: The Structure of Adolescent Romantic and Sexual Network ...
Detection of surface immunoreactions on individual cells by
Detection of surface immunoreactions on individual cells by

... is, the absolute value of the mobility of the cells decreases with an increase in the amount of IgG reaction on the cells. Therefore, the amount of surface reactions on each cell can be quickly detected by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of the cell, which is much simpler than labelling metho ...
Immune adaptation in the central nervous system in response to
Immune adaptation in the central nervous system in response to

... Figure 1: Communication between the CNS and the immune system contributes to homeostasis during systemic infections, resulting in  transient, reversible microglial activation, and adaptive behavioural and metabolic changes. Normal ageing and low grade systemic  inflammation results in pro‐longed  (p ...
How to Interpret Hepatitis B Antibody and Viral Tests
How to Interpret Hepatitis B Antibody and Viral Tests

... to find out the status of an infection, a clinician will take a blood sample and send it to a laboratory. Technicians will analyze it for several hepatitis B viral components, which provide a roadmap to an infection. These viral components include antigens or proteins that make up different parts of ...
Atopy and HIV. Do Basophils Play a Role in Both?
Atopy and HIV. Do Basophils Play a Role in Both?

... IgG4 subtypes. The cytokines also play an important role in leukocyte recruitment to affected tissues by increasing expression of the cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1 in endothelial cells and synthesis of the ...
HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophage Reservoirs during Antiretroviral
HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophage Reservoirs during Antiretroviral

... [21,22]. During late-stage disease, when CD4+ T cell counts drop to undetectable levels, HIV-1-infected macrophages continue to proliferate and are found at high levels in different tissue types [23]. Circulating monocytes (macrophage precursors) also harbor HIV-1 and are permissive to viral replica ...
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases

... auto-reactive myelin-specific T cell clones remain in vivo after transplantation [2]. These clones proliferate ex vivo to the disease initiating protein as well as spread epitopes of myelin [2], and disease may recur with re-immunization to myelin peptides. Self-reactive T cells persisted or recurre ...
Different Subsets of T Cells, Memory, Effector Functions, and
Different Subsets of T Cells, Memory, Effector Functions, and

... a next-generation CAR-T cell with higher anti-cancer efficacy. Another report demonstrated that combining the most effective subsets of CD8+ and CD4+ CD19-expressing CAR-T cells resulted in a synergistic anti-tumor effect in vivo [9]. Thus, the present review highlights data on the role of different ...
IDENTIFICATION OF  THE SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC AND  GROUP-SPECIFIC
IDENTIFICATION OF THE SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC AND GROUP-SPECIFIC

... The bluetongue virus (BTV) core particle contains 2 major polypeptides, P3 and P7, and is surrounded by an outer capsid layer that is composed of the 2 major polypeptides, P2 and P5. Analysis of the immune precipitates from soluble 14 C-labelled BTV polypeptides and hyper-immune rabbit and guinea-pi ...
The Role of Environmental Triggers in Autoimmunity
The Role of Environmental Triggers in Autoimmunity

... of an autoimmune disease is a very complex process. Autoimmunity arises when the host’s immune system is directed against self-tissue antigens. Accumulating evidence has suggested a close interplay between genetic factors and environmental triggers such as infections, toxicants and some dietary comp ...
Exploiting Amoeboid and Non-Vertebrate Animal Model Systems to Study the
Exploiting Amoeboid and Non-Vertebrate Animal Model Systems to Study the

... when exposed to A. castellani amoebae [19] and Candida albicans filaments upon ingestion by C. elegans [20]. These findings complement an earlier observation that C. neoformans hyphal forms survive predation by Acanthamoebae polyphaga, whereas yeast forms are consumed [8]. In vitro, these transitions ...
Long-term protection from syngeneic acute
Long-term protection from syngeneic acute

... G) for comparison. After 24 hours, cells were stained with 7-AAD and allophycocyanin-conjugated rat anti–mouse B220 (B220-APC; Beckman Coulter). CountBright absolute counting beads (Invitrogen) were added to each tube to ensure equal sampling during flow cytometry acquisition. PKH⫹/B220-intermediate ...
The role of carbohydrate in the antigenic and immunogenic structure
The role of carbohydrate in the antigenic and immunogenic structure

... with 10 % foetal bovine serum (FBS; G ibco). Strain P8-2 of BHV-1 was propagated in MDBK cells and quantified by plaque titration in microtitre plates with an antibody overlay as previously described (Rouse & Babiuk, 1974). Glycoproteins gI and gIV were purified from virus-infected cell lysate as pr ...
Cell-Mediated Immunity to Bordetella pertussis: Role of Thl
Cell-Mediated Immunity to Bordetella pertussis: Role of Thl

... Generation of pertussis-specific T-cell lines. CD4+ T-cell lines specific for FHA were established as previously described for influenza virus-specific T-cell clones (33). Briefly, spleen cells (2 x 106) from convalescent mice were stimulated in vitro with purified FHA (0.5 ,ug/ml) for 4 days, and t ...
Fundamentals of Feed Efficiency
Fundamentals of Feed Efficiency

... and physiology regulating feed efficiency (FE) is relatively limited. In recent years, this understanding has been enhanced through the study of residual feed intake (RFI) in selection experiments. RFI is a measure of FE that is calculated by determining the difference between an individual animal’s ...
Linocin and OmpW Are Involved in Attachment of the Cystic Fibrosis
Linocin and OmpW Are Involved in Attachment of the Cystic Fibrosis

... challenging. To date, several strategies that identify effective vaccine antigens have been described, including the reverse-vaccinology approach (2). Rappuoli and colleagues pioneered the use of reverse vaccinology to identify novel antigens against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. They sequence ...
T Cell Receptor (TCR)
T Cell Receptor (TCR)

... 1. TCR functions to recognize Ag peptides presented by MHC complexes => Ag peptide specificity => MHC restriction 2. Two classes of MHC molecules. - Class-I MHC => peptides from cytosolic (intracellular) proteins => CD8 T cells - Class-II MHC => peptides from extracellular (exogenous) proteins from ...
Abundance of Early Functional HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells Does Not
Abundance of Early Functional HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells Does Not

... missing responses when using peptides that are not based on the autologous sequence. However, it has been shown that a large proportion of all T cell responses detected using autologous peptides was detected using consensus sequences as well [36]. Although one could argue that different results migh ...
Antibody structure
Antibody structure

... First of the molecules participating in immune response to be characterized, best understood Basic building block, immunoglobulin domain, is used in molecules of both immune system & other biological recognition systems Antibody molecule has 2 separable functions: 1) specific binding to antigen elic ...
Sequence analysis of T-cell repertoires in health and disease
Sequence analysis of T-cell repertoires in health and disease

... new insights into the properties and behaviors of immune repertoires enabled by high-throughput sequencing and single clonotype resolution have generally extended and clarified early observations and long-standing hypotheses, rather than introduce new paradigms. A prodigious amount of immune reperto ...
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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system’s most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.
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