Pathogens, Infection, and Innate Immunity
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
Robustness
... Traditional Modelling Modelling, e.g. modelling of biochemical pathways Traditional time dynamic modeling ...
... Traditional Modelling Modelling, e.g. modelling of biochemical pathways Traditional time dynamic modeling ...
Local Immune Responses in Human Tuberculosis: Learning From
... with peripheral blood may suggest that immune activation and loss of M. tuberculosis–specific T cells occur concomitantly, thus favoring persistence of M. tuberculosis locally at the site of infection [16]. This is consistent with the findings, which demonstrate enhanced IFN-c and interleukin 2 (IL- ...
... with peripheral blood may suggest that immune activation and loss of M. tuberculosis–specific T cells occur concomitantly, thus favoring persistence of M. tuberculosis locally at the site of infection [16]. This is consistent with the findings, which demonstrate enhanced IFN-c and interleukin 2 (IL- ...
The Body`s Defenses
... receptors, are structurally related to membrane antibodies, but are never produced in a secreted form. • A single T or B lymphocyte bears about 100,000 receptors for antigen, all with exactly the same specificity. ...
... receptors, are structurally related to membrane antibodies, but are never produced in a secreted form. • A single T or B lymphocyte bears about 100,000 receptors for antigen, all with exactly the same specificity. ...
Controlling a Chronic Viral Infection and Nucleic Acid
... Unc93b1, termed “3d” because it affects TLRs 3, 7, and 9 (19, 20). Recognition of virus by pattern recognition receptors is known to be important not only for restricting early virus replication through the induction of antiviral genes, but also for initiating adaptive immune responses, which facili ...
... Unc93b1, termed “3d” because it affects TLRs 3, 7, and 9 (19, 20). Recognition of virus by pattern recognition receptors is known to be important not only for restricting early virus replication through the induction of antiviral genes, but also for initiating adaptive immune responses, which facili ...
NK cells and cancer: you can teach innate cells
... kaemia cell line as the target) is only correlative. NK cells these antibodies are recognized by CD16 and trigger NK cell activation and killing of the have been shown to control the growth and metastasis antibody-coated target cells. This mechanism is referred to as antibody-dependent of transplant ...
... kaemia cell line as the target) is only correlative. NK cells these antibodies are recognized by CD16 and trigger NK cell activation and killing of the have been shown to control the growth and metastasis antibody-coated target cells. This mechanism is referred to as antibody-dependent of transplant ...
Trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial
... our knowledge about how these transfer mechanisms impact the infectious process of intracellular pathogens. Foreign material including beads and Mycobacterium bovis have been shown to transfer directly between macrophages (Onfelt et al., 2006). But it is unclear how prevalent these transfer events a ...
... our knowledge about how these transfer mechanisms impact the infectious process of intracellular pathogens. Foreign material including beads and Mycobacterium bovis have been shown to transfer directly between macrophages (Onfelt et al., 2006). But it is unclear how prevalent these transfer events a ...
Rituximab: An Autoimmune Disease Therapy
... lymphoma. It was considered a breakthrough treatment for B-cell lymphoma due to its lower side-effect profile when compared with traditional chemotherapy treatments alone. Antibody therapies are different from chemotherapies because they target malignant cells while sparing healthy cells. Typically, ...
... lymphoma. It was considered a breakthrough treatment for B-cell lymphoma due to its lower side-effect profile when compared with traditional chemotherapy treatments alone. Antibody therapies are different from chemotherapies because they target malignant cells while sparing healthy cells. Typically, ...
Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigen
... Box 1 | What are the key properties of an antigen-presenting cell? Burnet’s ‘clonal selection’ theory presupposes that the T cell repertoire contains a vast number of T cell clones expressing unique antigen receptors. Thus, an effective adaptive immune response requires a second cell to select and e ...
... Box 1 | What are the key properties of an antigen-presenting cell? Burnet’s ‘clonal selection’ theory presupposes that the T cell repertoire contains a vast number of T cell clones expressing unique antigen receptors. Thus, an effective adaptive immune response requires a second cell to select and e ...
First Line of Defense in Early Human Life
... lysozyme, and LL-37 are examples of other bactericidal protein/peptides constituents of neutrophils.9 The fourth ␣-defensin (HNP-4) is also found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils but at lower concentrations than HNP1 to 3.10 In response to stimulation of neutrophils, these effectors are activa ...
... lysozyme, and LL-37 are examples of other bactericidal protein/peptides constituents of neutrophils.9 The fourth ␣-defensin (HNP-4) is also found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils but at lower concentrations than HNP1 to 3.10 In response to stimulation of neutrophils, these effectors are activa ...
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
... Our knowledge of the composition of the adult gut microbiota stems from culture-based studies (7), and more recently from cultureindependent molecular phylogenetic approaches based on sequencing bacterial ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes. Of the 9200,000 rRNA gene sequences currently in GenBank, only ...
... Our knowledge of the composition of the adult gut microbiota stems from culture-based studies (7), and more recently from cultureindependent molecular phylogenetic approaches based on sequencing bacterial ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes. Of the 9200,000 rRNA gene sequences currently in GenBank, only ...
Hall - Autism Speaks
... hypothesis is based on evidence from the Pessah lab that organic mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and flame retardants (PBDEs) can alter the intracellular Ca2+ signals generated by ryanodine receptors, an important type of calcium channel, and that these are essential for normal maturation and fu ...
... hypothesis is based on evidence from the Pessah lab that organic mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and flame retardants (PBDEs) can alter the intracellular Ca2+ signals generated by ryanodine receptors, an important type of calcium channel, and that these are essential for normal maturation and fu ...
Equine allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
... was assessed in vitro using modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions, it was found that MHC class II-positive MSCs caused significantly increased responder T-cell proliferation equivalent to that of the positive control of MHC mismatched peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) [24]. As the in vitro mix ...
... was assessed in vitro using modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions, it was found that MHC class II-positive MSCs caused significantly increased responder T-cell proliferation equivalent to that of the positive control of MHC mismatched peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) [24]. As the in vitro mix ...
Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in
... Some individuals experience a range of symptoms in response to ingestion of wheat and related cereals, yet lack the characteristic serological, histological or genetic markers of coeliac disease.5–8 The terms non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and noncoeliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) are generally used t ...
... Some individuals experience a range of symptoms in response to ingestion of wheat and related cereals, yet lack the characteristic serological, histological or genetic markers of coeliac disease.5–8 The terms non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and noncoeliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) are generally used t ...
Evolution of the innate immune system: the worm perspective
... than the typical vertebrate models (e.g. mice and zebra fish). They are also less complex, showing a much lower level of redundancy in gene regulation, which clearly facilitates delineation of regulatory pathways. Consequently, as many components of innate immunity are conserved across phyla (see be ...
... than the typical vertebrate models (e.g. mice and zebra fish). They are also less complex, showing a much lower level of redundancy in gene regulation, which clearly facilitates delineation of regulatory pathways. Consequently, as many components of innate immunity are conserved across phyla (see be ...
Cutting Edge: CTLA-4 on Effector T Cells Inhibits In Trans
... suppress immune responses by sequestration or removal of B7-1 and B7-2 molecules from APC membranes (17, 20, 21). Theoretically, this type of inhibitory function is not limited to Tregs but could apply to any cell expressing surface CTLA-4 (i.e., activated effector T cells). Although these studies ( ...
... suppress immune responses by sequestration or removal of B7-1 and B7-2 molecules from APC membranes (17, 20, 21). Theoretically, this type of inhibitory function is not limited to Tregs but could apply to any cell expressing surface CTLA-4 (i.e., activated effector T cells). Although these studies ( ...
Perpetuation of immunological memory
... clonally expand with either speci®c or bystander T-cell help. Because B cells can present antigen, they present `apparently foreign' idiopeptides to T cells. The idiopeptides of de novo synthesized antibody is presented to CD8+ T cells that recognize the idiopeptide-presenting cell as targets and re ...
... clonally expand with either speci®c or bystander T-cell help. Because B cells can present antigen, they present `apparently foreign' idiopeptides to T cells. The idiopeptides of de novo synthesized antibody is presented to CD8+ T cells that recognize the idiopeptide-presenting cell as targets and re ...
The Regulation of HPV Late Gene Expression and the Potential
... Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are ubiquitous, sexually transmitted viruses present in 99.7% of all cervical cancers, the second most common cancer in females worldwide. Expression of HPV L1 and L2 late genes is found only in terminally differentiated epithelial cells. As L1 and L2 proteins are highl ...
... Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are ubiquitous, sexually transmitted viruses present in 99.7% of all cervical cancers, the second most common cancer in females worldwide. Expression of HPV L1 and L2 late genes is found only in terminally differentiated epithelial cells. As L1 and L2 proteins are highl ...
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... bacterial RNA has been reported. Using human cytokine antibody array, we have analyzed the cytokine production profiles of human adult cardiac myocytes stimulated with various RNA including S. aureus RNA (SRNA), RNase-digested S. aureus RNA (DSRNA), cardiac myocytes RNA (CRNA), or left untreated (NT ...
... bacterial RNA has been reported. Using human cytokine antibody array, we have analyzed the cytokine production profiles of human adult cardiac myocytes stimulated with various RNA including S. aureus RNA (SRNA), RNase-digested S. aureus RNA (DSRNA), cardiac myocytes RNA (CRNA), or left untreated (NT ...
... while integrating multiple environmental cues to determine the context of these signals. Efficiency is important for T cells for several reasons: T cell receptors (TCRs) must be able to recognize a few activating peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes (∼10) in a sea of selfpMHC on the surface of an antigen-pre ...
Do bacteria have a role in asthma development? EDITORIAL
... and Moraxella catarralis can be found in ,20% of wheezing children [7]. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were identified in 5–25% of children with asthma exacerbations [8]. A significantly greater reduction in asthma symptoms and a larger improvement from baseline lung function was fou ...
... and Moraxella catarralis can be found in ,20% of wheezing children [7]. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were identified in 5–25% of children with asthma exacerbations [8]. A significantly greater reduction in asthma symptoms and a larger improvement from baseline lung function was fou ...
Effect of frameshift mutation in the pre
... reading frames (ORFs) which are designated pre-C/C, P, pre-S/S and X (Ganem & Varmus, 1987; Tiollais et al., 1985), In HBV the coding region for the C protein (P21c) is preceded by an in-phase ORF termed the pre-C region (Ou et al., 1986). Translation initiation from the pre-C initiation codon produ ...
... reading frames (ORFs) which are designated pre-C/C, P, pre-S/S and X (Ganem & Varmus, 1987; Tiollais et al., 1985), In HBV the coding region for the C protein (P21c) is preceded by an in-phase ORF termed the pre-C region (Ou et al., 1986). Translation initiation from the pre-C initiation codon produ ...
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Lymph Nodes and Peripheral Blood: A Comparison between
... response and the immunological activity in the atherosclerotic plaque is considered an important determinant in the disease process. The transition from a stable plaque to an unstable ruptureprone plaque has been associated with an increased number of intra-plaque T cells exhibiting early signs of a ...
... response and the immunological activity in the atherosclerotic plaque is considered an important determinant in the disease process. The transition from a stable plaque to an unstable ruptureprone plaque has been associated with an increased number of intra-plaque T cells exhibiting early signs of a ...