immunity on viral immune escape pressures on viral populations
... of pre-existing immunity to the infecting strain results in a monotonic decline in viral abundance towards zero owing to the strong levels of adaptive immunity (figure 1b). In such secondary infections, there is almost no change in the strength of adaptive immunity, but some depletion of uninfected c ...
... of pre-existing immunity to the infecting strain results in a monotonic decline in viral abundance towards zero owing to the strong levels of adaptive immunity (figure 1b). In such secondary infections, there is almost no change in the strength of adaptive immunity, but some depletion of uninfected c ...
Role of Computed Tomography Scan in
... Two were in the nodular vesicular stage and one was calcified. Previous studies have shown a wide range of percentage of granuloma. Baheti et al9 reported an incidence of 3.8% each of neurocysticercosis and tuberculoma. In our study, we did not get any case of tuberculoma. This could be due to small ...
... Two were in the nodular vesicular stage and one was calcified. Previous studies have shown a wide range of percentage of granuloma. Baheti et al9 reported an incidence of 3.8% each of neurocysticercosis and tuberculoma. In our study, we did not get any case of tuberculoma. This could be due to small ...
March/April 2000: Volume 28, Number 2 (PDF: 108KB/8 pages)
... vaccine and, if necessary, as the 3rd dose. Whenever giving OPV, discuss the risk of VAPP with the child’s parents or caregivers. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR): MMR-2 is recommended at 4-6 yrs of age, but may be given during any visit, provided >4 wks have elapsed since the 1st dose and both doses a ...
... vaccine and, if necessary, as the 3rd dose. Whenever giving OPV, discuss the risk of VAPP with the child’s parents or caregivers. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR): MMR-2 is recommended at 4-6 yrs of age, but may be given during any visit, provided >4 wks have elapsed since the 1st dose and both doses a ...
Virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two M group genotypes of
... and in others they did not, depending on the viral genotype or growth conditions examined (Chumakov et al., 1991; Herrera et al., 2007; Voronin et al., 2005). Ultimately, since the host immune response is likely to play an important role in virulence evolution (Alizon et al., 2009; Frank and Schmid- ...
... and in others they did not, depending on the viral genotype or growth conditions examined (Chumakov et al., 1991; Herrera et al., 2007; Voronin et al., 2005). Ultimately, since the host immune response is likely to play an important role in virulence evolution (Alizon et al., 2009; Frank and Schmid- ...
Fluctuations at a Low Mean Temperature Accelerate Dengue Virus
... grown in cell culture prior to mosquito exposure, using an artificial feeding system. Virus supernatant was harvested after scraping and then separating all cells by centrifugation. Mosquitoes were fed through a desalted porcine intestinal membrane stretched over the bottom of a warm water-filled ja ...
... grown in cell culture prior to mosquito exposure, using an artificial feeding system. Virus supernatant was harvested after scraping and then separating all cells by centrifugation. Mosquitoes were fed through a desalted porcine intestinal membrane stretched over the bottom of a warm water-filled ja ...
Outbreak Management Guidelines for Health Care Facilities
... Surveillance is an essential component of an effective infection prevention and control program. Surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data; and the dissemination of information to those who need to know in order that action is taken. Surveillan ...
... Surveillance is an essential component of an effective infection prevention and control program. Surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data; and the dissemination of information to those who need to know in order that action is taken. Surveillan ...
frequently asked questions on pentavalent
... HBV is transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids of the infected person in the same way as HIV virus that causes AIDS. HBV is 40–100 times more infectious than HIV. The main ways of getting HBV are: ...
... HBV is transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids of the infected person in the same way as HIV virus that causes AIDS. HBV is 40–100 times more infectious than HIV. The main ways of getting HBV are: ...
Association of Streptococcus with Guttate Psoriasis: An
... attending the inpatient and outpatient department of BSMMU & ShSMCH, after verbal consent and fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria who were confirmed histopathologically and receiving the both swabs culture and ASO titre reports were included as study population. Histopathological confirmed p ...
... attending the inpatient and outpatient department of BSMMU & ShSMCH, after verbal consent and fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria who were confirmed histopathologically and receiving the both swabs culture and ASO titre reports were included as study population. Histopathological confirmed p ...
Pediatric Cutaneous Fungal Infections
... tinea capitis. Griseofulvin is the drug of choice in the United States. Terbinafine granules* have been shown to be comparable in safety and efficacy to griseofulvin. • Shorter treatment course • More effective against M. canis (main cause outside U.S.) * This is a different formulation than the ...
... tinea capitis. Griseofulvin is the drug of choice in the United States. Terbinafine granules* have been shown to be comparable in safety and efficacy to griseofulvin. • Shorter treatment course • More effective against M. canis (main cause outside U.S.) * This is a different formulation than the ...
(HBV) in a Case of HBV Infection Acquir
... used recently to determine the transmission route of viral infection. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the route of infection was first used in a study of the transmission pattern of HIV in one dental practice [15]. After that study, HCV transmission through needlestick accidents [16] and vertical ...
... used recently to determine the transmission route of viral infection. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the route of infection was first used in a study of the transmission pattern of HIV in one dental practice [15]. After that study, HCV transmission through needlestick accidents [16] and vertical ...
Lymphocyte function and virus infections
... susceptibility of each lymphocyte subpopulation to infection by different viruses (Table 1). The susceptibility is determined partly by the availability of receptors on the cell surface and partly by the extent to which the virus can utilise the biosynthetic properties of different lymphocytes once ...
... susceptibility of each lymphocyte subpopulation to infection by different viruses (Table 1). The susceptibility is determined partly by the availability of receptors on the cell surface and partly by the extent to which the virus can utilise the biosynthetic properties of different lymphocytes once ...
Counterinsurgency Doctrine Applied to Infectious Disease
... Lederberg’s history, whatever its challenges in the introduction of his new chosen metaphor, does an excellent job of introducing the war metaphor, antibiotics, vaccines, and the traditions of medical microbiology. A particular highlight is the introduction of Koch’s (Henle-Koch) postulates (Evans 1 ...
... Lederberg’s history, whatever its challenges in the introduction of his new chosen metaphor, does an excellent job of introducing the war metaphor, antibiotics, vaccines, and the traditions of medical microbiology. A particular highlight is the introduction of Koch’s (Henle-Koch) postulates (Evans 1 ...
Hygiene Code for the private household
... More and more data are available indicating that numerous (infectious) diseases are related to the home environment. Airborne micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi), mites (in sheets or carpets), and (parts of) insects and beetles may be the cause of respiratory diseases such as asthma (1). In Europe and ...
... More and more data are available indicating that numerous (infectious) diseases are related to the home environment. Airborne micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi), mites (in sheets or carpets), and (parts of) insects and beetles may be the cause of respiratory diseases such as asthma (1). In Europe and ...
Pregnancy enhances the innate immune response in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis through
... adaptive immune responses makes pregnant females more susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens, most notably Plasmodium spp. [3]. This observation extends to laboratory animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae, and Leishmania major [7, 8]. Pregnant mice ...
... adaptive immune responses makes pregnant females more susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens, most notably Plasmodium spp. [3]. This observation extends to laboratory animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae, and Leishmania major [7, 8]. Pregnant mice ...
Prevention, treatment and care of hepatitis C virus infection
... In an attempt to address the HCV epidemic and reduce prevalence of infection in the community, prevention measures such as NSP and OST may be coupled with HCV treatment (Martin, Vickerman, et al., 2013). It has been suggested that with even modest rates of HCV treatment uptake it will be possible to ...
... In an attempt to address the HCV epidemic and reduce prevalence of infection in the community, prevention measures such as NSP and OST may be coupled with HCV treatment (Martin, Vickerman, et al., 2013). It has been suggested that with even modest rates of HCV treatment uptake it will be possible to ...
A - Personal.psu.edu
... delayed in comparison to that of B. bronchiseptica (29,35-36). By understanding the immune factors that mediate the elimination of B. bronchiseptica from the respiratory tract, we have been able to hypothesize about the ways by which the human-specific bordetellae inhibit antibody-mediated clearanc ...
... delayed in comparison to that of B. bronchiseptica (29,35-36). By understanding the immune factors that mediate the elimination of B. bronchiseptica from the respiratory tract, we have been able to hypothesize about the ways by which the human-specific bordetellae inhibit antibody-mediated clearanc ...
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Vol. 16, No. 4 • April 2010
... attributed to adoption of masks as a daily behavior, rather than as a response to illness. Elementary school students using a 5-layered NPI approach, including hand hygiene and cough etiquette, had 53% fewer laboratory-confirmed influenza A infections and 26% fewer total absences compared with a con ...
... attributed to adoption of masks as a daily behavior, rather than as a response to illness. Elementary school students using a 5-layered NPI approach, including hand hygiene and cough etiquette, had 53% fewer laboratory-confirmed influenza A infections and 26% fewer total absences compared with a con ...
Influence of genetic relatedness and spatial proximity on chronic
... genetically related deer (Blanchong et al. 2007), imply that social behaviour may be important to understand infectious disease transmission in free-ranging deer populations. Transmission is the most challenging epidemiological parameter to estimate for any host-pathogen system (McCallum et al. 2001 ...
... genetically related deer (Blanchong et al. 2007), imply that social behaviour may be important to understand infectious disease transmission in free-ranging deer populations. Transmission is the most challenging epidemiological parameter to estimate for any host-pathogen system (McCallum et al. 2001 ...
The Characteristics of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response Identify
... is defined as occult HBV infection. Because the role of the adaptive response in keeping HBV replication under control in occult infection still is undefined, this study was performed to characterize the features of the HBV-specific T-cell response in this condition. Methods: HBV-specific T-cell fre ...
... is defined as occult HBV infection. Because the role of the adaptive response in keeping HBV replication under control in occult infection still is undefined, this study was performed to characterize the features of the HBV-specific T-cell response in this condition. Methods: HBV-specific T-cell fre ...
Review Article 711KB
... in this well-studied context, is incomplete. Further research will likely clarify the mechanistic relationship between the human host, microbial genes, and the microbiota. Historically, the microbiota focus has been on bacteria; however, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi also contribute to the ecol ...
... in this well-studied context, is incomplete. Further research will likely clarify the mechanistic relationship between the human host, microbial genes, and the microbiota. Historically, the microbiota focus has been on bacteria; however, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi also contribute to the ecol ...
Earwax and Ear Canal Infections
... In some individuals, the system of epithelial migration is disrupted, and the sloughing skin layers may not clean out. The ear canal may slowly fill with skin (keratin) which will continue to accumulate, causing pressure to build up in the ear canal. This causes the bone around the ear canal to erod ...
... In some individuals, the system of epithelial migration is disrupted, and the sloughing skin layers may not clean out. The ear canal may slowly fill with skin (keratin) which will continue to accumulate, causing pressure to build up in the ear canal. This causes the bone around the ear canal to erod ...
Parasitism and behavioural syndromes in the fish Gobiomorphus
... Water was gradually (over a few days) changed from fresh lake water to a mixture of 67% spring water and 33% saltwater to match the salinity of the natural habitat, and to prevent fungal growth. Tanks were kept at a temperature of 14°C under a natural 12 h light/dark cycle. Every second day, a third ...
... Water was gradually (over a few days) changed from fresh lake water to a mixture of 67% spring water and 33% saltwater to match the salinity of the natural habitat, and to prevent fungal growth. Tanks were kept at a temperature of 14°C under a natural 12 h light/dark cycle. Every second day, a third ...
Hospital-acquired infection
Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) — also known as nosocomial infection — is an infection whose development is favored by a hospital environment, such as one acquired by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of microorganisms, including bacteria, combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. In Europe, where hospital surveys have been conducted, the category of gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. Many types are difficult to attack with antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance is spreading to gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital.Hospital-acquired infections are an important category of hospital-acquired conditions. HAI is sometimes expanded as healthcare-associated infection to emphasize that infections can be correlated with health care in various settings (not just hospitals), which is also true of hospital-acquired conditions generally.