1 Bacterial Meningitis
... glyco-conjugates which mimic neuronal adhesion molecules and thus do not trigger an appropriate protective antibody response. This is particularly true for the type B capsule, which fails to elicit a protective antibody response. Host factors which predispose toward meningococcal disease include fac ...
... glyco-conjugates which mimic neuronal adhesion molecules and thus do not trigger an appropriate protective antibody response. This is particularly true for the type B capsule, which fails to elicit a protective antibody response. Host factors which predispose toward meningococcal disease include fac ...
Challenge Recovery from Secondary Poxvirus to Humoral Immunity
... Infection. Mice were inoculated with 103 PFU of ECTV-WT subcutaneously (s.c.) for a primary infection. For a secondary challenge, mice were first immunized with 105 PFU of ECTV-TK⌬ given intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 5 weeks later challenged s.c. with 103 PFU of ECTV-WT. All animals were monitored da ...
... Infection. Mice were inoculated with 103 PFU of ECTV-WT subcutaneously (s.c.) for a primary infection. For a secondary challenge, mice were first immunized with 105 PFU of ECTV-TK⌬ given intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 5 weeks later challenged s.c. with 103 PFU of ECTV-WT. All animals were monitored da ...
Different Nuclear Signals Are Activated by the B Cell
... (B7.2) molecules and promotes mitogenesis and competence to collaborate with helper T cells. By contrast, when B cells with the same BCR specificity mature in mice where HEL is chronically encountered as a selfantigen, antigen binding no longer triggers CD86 expression, mitogenesis, or the capacity ...
... (B7.2) molecules and promotes mitogenesis and competence to collaborate with helper T cells. By contrast, when B cells with the same BCR specificity mature in mice where HEL is chronically encountered as a selfantigen, antigen binding no longer triggers CD86 expression, mitogenesis, or the capacity ...
Elevated percentage of perforin positive cells in active
... Background & objectives: Perforin is one of the major effector molecules of cytotoxic cells associated with killing of cells harbouring intracellular bacterial infection. The precise role of perforin positive cells in tuberculosis still remains controversial. The present study was done to determine ...
... Background & objectives: Perforin is one of the major effector molecules of cytotoxic cells associated with killing of cells harbouring intracellular bacterial infection. The precise role of perforin positive cells in tuberculosis still remains controversial. The present study was done to determine ...
Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces
... bacterial pathogen that enters the body through a skin wound, causing an innate immune response in the infected tissue that then leads to an adaptive immune response in the draining lymph node. The merits of this example are that it is simple and involves a tissue for which we have all observed the ...
... bacterial pathogen that enters the body through a skin wound, causing an innate immune response in the infected tissue that then leads to an adaptive immune response in the draining lymph node. The merits of this example are that it is simple and involves a tissue for which we have all observed the ...
Local immunodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunospot C. Jafari*, M. Ernst
... not MTB-specific. The limitations of the present study need to be addressed. An influence of age or sex on MTB-specific immune responses cannot be excluded. Only patients with limited smear-negative TB were included in the present study. The findings regarding immunophenotypes may have been differen ...
... not MTB-specific. The limitations of the present study need to be addressed. An influence of age or sex on MTB-specific immune responses cannot be excluded. Only patients with limited smear-negative TB were included in the present study. The findings regarding immunophenotypes may have been differen ...
Epidemiological and clinical consequences of within
... We first discuss some epidemiological consequence of WHED. We then show how earlier work at the within-host level can be used to understand components of the pathogen epidemiological fitness (Box 1). Finally, we outline promising directions for theoretical and experimental research. Evolution at the ...
... We first discuss some epidemiological consequence of WHED. We then show how earlier work at the within-host level can be used to understand components of the pathogen epidemiological fitness (Box 1). Finally, we outline promising directions for theoretical and experimental research. Evolution at the ...
Divergent and convergent evolution after a common
... women with one of these alleles, but not those without (Table II). In addition, for epitopes that showed the converse effect, i.e., evidence of positive selection when the allele was absent (a significantly lower risk of mutations from the inoculum when the restricting allele was present), there was ...
... women with one of these alleles, but not those without (Table II). In addition, for epitopes that showed the converse effect, i.e., evidence of positive selection when the allele was absent (a significantly lower risk of mutations from the inoculum when the restricting allele was present), there was ...
Th9 Cells: A Novel CD4 T-cell Subset in the Immune War against
... cells seems to be a key costimulation involved in the specific induction of Th9 polarization (20). Transcriptional program of Th9 cells Though the transcriptional program of Th9 cells is not yet described completely, some transcription factors have been shown to be essential for Th9 polarization. The ...
... cells seems to be a key costimulation involved in the specific induction of Th9 polarization (20). Transcriptional program of Th9 cells Though the transcriptional program of Th9 cells is not yet described completely, some transcription factors have been shown to be essential for Th9 polarization. The ...
Gene expression profile predicting the response to anti
... interaction of various factors such as immune response, inflammatory response, microbial infection, environmental factors and genetic factors [3-5]. The enhanced intestinal permeability and the altered luminal bacteria are of vital importance to the regulation of intestinal immune and inflammatory r ...
... interaction of various factors such as immune response, inflammatory response, microbial infection, environmental factors and genetic factors [3-5]. The enhanced intestinal permeability and the altered luminal bacteria are of vital importance to the regulation of intestinal immune and inflammatory r ...
Differential In Situ Cytokine Profiles of Langerhans
... Abbreviation: ND, not determinable, indicating that, after an initial staining for the complete cytokine set, the remaining tissue was not available in sufficient quantity or morphological quality for a reliable and complete repetition of the experiment. *In these specimens, eosinophils were clearly ...
... Abbreviation: ND, not determinable, indicating that, after an initial staining for the complete cytokine set, the remaining tissue was not available in sufficient quantity or morphological quality for a reliable and complete repetition of the experiment. *In these specimens, eosinophils were clearly ...
Cannabinoid receptors in microglia of the central nervous system
... In summary, microglia are macrophage-like cells that undergo a multistep process to full activation during inflammation. This multistep process is associated with differential gene expression and the acquisition of correlative functional activities. The differential expression of genes in relation t ...
... In summary, microglia are macrophage-like cells that undergo a multistep process to full activation during inflammation. This multistep process is associated with differential gene expression and the acquisition of correlative functional activities. The differential expression of genes in relation t ...
Microglia important in initiation of pain facilitation
... activation, expression of adhesion molecules, functioning as antigen presenting cells, and release of glutamate, TNF, IL-1 and NO These microglia–astrocyte interactions are consistent with the developing pain literature that suggests that microglia are the first glial type to become activated and th ...
... activation, expression of adhesion molecules, functioning as antigen presenting cells, and release of glutamate, TNF, IL-1 and NO These microglia–astrocyte interactions are consistent with the developing pain literature that suggests that microglia are the first glial type to become activated and th ...
neurotransmitters 101
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
... know which part of the immune system we’re dealing with. Although certain organs of the body (notably lymphoid organs) are intimately involved in the immune response, the immune system is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense. Its “structures” are a diverse array of ...
... know which part of the immune system we’re dealing with. Although certain organs of the body (notably lymphoid organs) are intimately involved in the immune response, the immune system is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense. Its “structures” are a diverse array of ...
Vitamin D Concentrations are Decreased in Patients with Alopecia
... diseases. It was reported that 1,25(OH)2D3 effects the immune system and low concentrations are associated with autoimmune disorders [16]. The associations between serum concentrations of 25(OH)-D and various autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, sistemic lupus erythematosus, romatoid arth ...
... diseases. It was reported that 1,25(OH)2D3 effects the immune system and low concentrations are associated with autoimmune disorders [16]. The associations between serum concentrations of 25(OH)-D and various autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, sistemic lupus erythematosus, romatoid arth ...
Mini review Targeting Cancer-Derived Adenosine: New Therapeutic
... of hypoxic regions within solid tumors (Fig. 1). Although hypoxia increases cell death due to oxygen and nutrient deprivation, it also promotes selection of resistant, aggressive cancer cells able to survive in unfavorable conditions. Hypoxia-resistant malignant cells phenotypically possess stem-lik ...
... of hypoxic regions within solid tumors (Fig. 1). Although hypoxia increases cell death due to oxygen and nutrient deprivation, it also promotes selection of resistant, aggressive cancer cells able to survive in unfavorable conditions. Hypoxia-resistant malignant cells phenotypically possess stem-lik ...
1285174151_463961
... Function (cont’d.) • Butterfly-shaped • Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis • Functions – Coordinating muscular movements – Maintaining posture – Maintaining balance ...
... Function (cont’d.) • Butterfly-shaped • Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis • Functions – Coordinating muscular movements – Maintaining posture – Maintaining balance ...
The Challenging Response of Physis to Inflammation
... published in Nature, that neutrophils are the human body's first line of defence; “they are the main cells that protect us from bacterial infections. Their protective function is a positive one; however, they also have inflammatory properties that may eventually lead to heart disease and several aut ...
... published in Nature, that neutrophils are the human body's first line of defence; “they are the main cells that protect us from bacterial infections. Their protective function is a positive one; however, they also have inflammatory properties that may eventually lead to heart disease and several aut ...
nrmicro-09-068v1 - HAL
... 5 intermediate in only a small percentage of DCs isolated from HCV-infected patients (3 of 24 6 HCV-infected patients) indicating that HCV replication in DCs occurs at a lower frequency 7 when compared to hepatocytes, the main reservoir of HCV 21. Studying HCV in vitro is difficult 8 due to the lack ...
... 5 intermediate in only a small percentage of DCs isolated from HCV-infected patients (3 of 24 6 HCV-infected patients) indicating that HCV replication in DCs occurs at a lower frequency 7 when compared to hepatocytes, the main reservoir of HCV 21. Studying HCV in vitro is difficult 8 due to the lack ...
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.The main interests of PNI are the interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the relationships between mental processes and health. PNI studies, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in health and disease; disorders of the neuroimmune system (autoimmune diseases; hypersensitivities; immune deficiency); and the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.