The evolution of natural killer cell receptors
... ITIMs, but contain a positively charged amino acid (arginine or lysine) in their transmembrane region, and are associated with signaling adaptor molecules containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motifs (ITAM), such as DAP10, DAP12, or Fcγ R (Lanier 2005). NK cells integrate signals deriv ...
... ITIMs, but contain a positively charged amino acid (arginine or lysine) in their transmembrane region, and are associated with signaling adaptor molecules containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motifs (ITAM), such as DAP10, DAP12, or Fcγ R (Lanier 2005). NK cells integrate signals deriv ...
Proc R Soc B template (v. 1.0)
... doses. There have been many studies which show an association between increased infectious disease and evidence of compromised vitamin A status, but these are confounded by the fact that serum retinol concentration, and probably bioavailability to tissues, are impaired during an acute phase response ...
... doses. There have been many studies which show an association between increased infectious disease and evidence of compromised vitamin A status, but these are confounded by the fact that serum retinol concentration, and probably bioavailability to tissues, are impaired during an acute phase response ...
Pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in coronary artery disease with
... The atherosclerotic process is considered to be driven by an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. Still, the inflammatory state in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains to be clarified. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-induced protein which may have a key role in ...
... The atherosclerotic process is considered to be driven by an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. Still, the inflammatory state in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains to be clarified. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-induced protein which may have a key role in ...
Plants as models for the study of human pathogenesis
... hard to understand, after all, how could pathogenesis in humans and plants have any significant similarities when these very divergent hosts are so radically different in their genetic systems, cell structures, and immune systems? However, despite the many very real differences, recent studies are f ...
... hard to understand, after all, how could pathogenesis in humans and plants have any significant similarities when these very divergent hosts are so radically different in their genetic systems, cell structures, and immune systems? However, despite the many very real differences, recent studies are f ...
Document
... Traditionally, the immune response divided into two different branches the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. ...
... Traditionally, the immune response divided into two different branches the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. ...
The B7 Family and Cancer Therapy: Costimulation and Coinhibition
... It seems that the cross-priming process is critical for the initiation of T cell responses to tumors (54). During this process, bone marrow – derived APC, most likely dendritic cells, can pick up antigens released from tumor cells, and process and present them to naBve T cells in the context of B7-1 ...
... It seems that the cross-priming process is critical for the initiation of T cell responses to tumors (54). During this process, bone marrow – derived APC, most likely dendritic cells, can pick up antigens released from tumor cells, and process and present them to naBve T cells in the context of B7-1 ...
ECHINODERM IMMUNITY
... classes—echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars), holothurians (sea cucumbers), asteroids (sea stars), crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars) and ophiuroids (brittle stars), as well as a number of extinct classes known from the fossil record. Many members of the phylum are large and long lived.2 Ec ...
... classes—echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars), holothurians (sea cucumbers), asteroids (sea stars), crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars) and ophiuroids (brittle stars), as well as a number of extinct classes known from the fossil record. Many members of the phylum are large and long lived.2 Ec ...
Investigating the Mechanisms of Massage Efficacy
... a predominant role in the repair and regeneration process of muscle tissue and are an excellent source of growth factors. They secrete more than 100 different chemical factors, including established chemoattractants for inflammatory cells.6,11,27–29 Macrophages are divided into 2 subpopulations (M1 a ...
... a predominant role in the repair and regeneration process of muscle tissue and are an excellent source of growth factors. They secrete more than 100 different chemical factors, including established chemoattractants for inflammatory cells.6,11,27–29 Macrophages are divided into 2 subpopulations (M1 a ...
Allergy: An Overview
... by Sell et al., 1996 Immunopathologic responses into the following 7 categories: Inactivation/activation antibody reactions Cytotoxic or cytolytic antibody reactions Immune-complex reactions Allergic reactions T-cell cytotoxic reactions Delayed hypersensitivity reactions Granulomatous ...
... by Sell et al., 1996 Immunopathologic responses into the following 7 categories: Inactivation/activation antibody reactions Cytotoxic or cytolytic antibody reactions Immune-complex reactions Allergic reactions T-cell cytotoxic reactions Delayed hypersensitivity reactions Granulomatous ...
Pido-Lopez, J., Kwok, W.W., Mitchell, T.J. , Heyderman, R.S., and
... regulated by CD25hi Treg cells T regulatory cells are increasingly being recognised as important modulators of responses to bacteria and viruses [22– 26]. Interestingly, animal studies have revealed that the presence of commensal bacteria can induce Treg levels in vivo [27], and similarly, we have e ...
... regulated by CD25hi Treg cells T regulatory cells are increasingly being recognised as important modulators of responses to bacteria and viruses [22– 26]. Interestingly, animal studies have revealed that the presence of commensal bacteria can induce Treg levels in vivo [27], and similarly, we have e ...
Card9 Mediates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Restitution, T
... In addition to its role in sensing fungi, CARD9 is involved in innate immune responses to bacteria and viruses. CARD9 mediates mincle-dependent Mycobacteria sensing and Nod2-dependent p38/JNK signaling,8 enhances Toll-like receptor signaling,9,10 and facilitates microbe-elicited reactive oxygen spec ...
... In addition to its role in sensing fungi, CARD9 is involved in innate immune responses to bacteria and viruses. CARD9 mediates mincle-dependent Mycobacteria sensing and Nod2-dependent p38/JNK signaling,8 enhances Toll-like receptor signaling,9,10 and facilitates microbe-elicited reactive oxygen spec ...
PDF
... Although such experimental studies have improved our understanding of temporary immunity and viral interference, the underlying mechanisms of how a virus is controlled and cleared by the immune system are still not fully understood. In particular, the re-exposure experimental data revealed a number ...
... Although such experimental studies have improved our understanding of temporary immunity and viral interference, the underlying mechanisms of how a virus is controlled and cleared by the immune system are still not fully understood. In particular, the re-exposure experimental data revealed a number ...
The Probiotic Mixture VSL#3 Dampens LPS
... inflammatory pathways for appropriate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms while remaining unresponsive to symbiotic bacteria [2, 3]. Under homeostasis conditions little or no inflammation occurs in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). However, genetic defects and impairment of barri ...
... inflammatory pathways for appropriate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms while remaining unresponsive to symbiotic bacteria [2, 3]. Under homeostasis conditions little or no inflammation occurs in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). However, genetic defects and impairment of barri ...
Pathophysiologic and Transcriptomic Analyses of
... liver, kidneys, and lymphoid tissues, viral antigen was only detected in the liver. These observations suggest that additional tissue damage could be due to indirect effects of viral replication. Indeed, circulating levels of several cytokines peaked shortly before euthanasia. Our study also include ...
... liver, kidneys, and lymphoid tissues, viral antigen was only detected in the liver. These observations suggest that additional tissue damage could be due to indirect effects of viral replication. Indeed, circulating levels of several cytokines peaked shortly before euthanasia. Our study also include ...
Type I interferons produced by hematopoietic cells protect
... gene 5 (Mda-5), and, possibly, protein kinase dependent on RNA (PKR) (5, 6). Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) produce type I IFNs in response to exogenous viral RNA or DNA signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7 or TLR9 (6). Many cells, including conventional DCs (cDCs), are activated by viral RNA or t ...
... gene 5 (Mda-5), and, possibly, protein kinase dependent on RNA (PKR) (5, 6). Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) produce type I IFNs in response to exogenous viral RNA or DNA signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7 or TLR9 (6). Many cells, including conventional DCs (cDCs), are activated by viral RNA or t ...
Differentiation of memory B and T cells
... However, it is unknown if B-cell activating factor, or another family member, plays a similar role in MBC maintenance. In the bone marrow, LLPCs are present that secrete specific antibody for, potentially, the lifetime of an individual [23–25], but how these cells survive and function for such exten ...
... However, it is unknown if B-cell activating factor, or another family member, plays a similar role in MBC maintenance. In the bone marrow, LLPCs are present that secrete specific antibody for, potentially, the lifetime of an individual [23–25], but how these cells survive and function for such exten ...
Low Counts of B Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Monocytes, Dendritic
... subset was considered to be associated with infections if the low subset count was significantly associated with subsequent high infection rate per multivariate analysis in both discovery and validation cohorts. Low counts of monocytes (total and inflammatory) and basophils, and low IgA levels were as ...
... subset was considered to be associated with infections if the low subset count was significantly associated with subsequent high infection rate per multivariate analysis in both discovery and validation cohorts. Low counts of monocytes (total and inflammatory) and basophils, and low IgA levels were as ...
Article
... regulated by CD25hi Treg cells T regulatory cells are increasingly being recognised as important modulators of responses to bacteria and viruses [22– 26]. Interestingly, animal studies have revealed that the presence of commensal bacteria can induce Treg levels in vivo [27], and similarly, we have e ...
... regulated by CD25hi Treg cells T regulatory cells are increasingly being recognised as important modulators of responses to bacteria and viruses [22– 26]. Interestingly, animal studies have revealed that the presence of commensal bacteria can induce Treg levels in vivo [27], and similarly, we have e ...
Immunity Cells Predominate in Type 1 and Type 2 Single
... distinct subpopulations that can play opposing roles in infectious and autoimmune diseases by producing different cytokines (1, 2). Considerable progress has been made in understanding how naive T cells differentiate into memory cells that express either IFN-␥ or IL-4 (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Wh ...
... distinct subpopulations that can play opposing roles in infectious and autoimmune diseases by producing different cytokines (1, 2). Considerable progress has been made in understanding how naive T cells differentiate into memory cells that express either IFN-␥ or IL-4 (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Wh ...
Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism
... (TNF) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). These cytokines, together with secreted chemokines, stimulate inflammatory responses. Cytokine secretion by NK cells also influences adaptive immune responses by modulating the growth and differentiation of monocytes, dendritic cells ...
... (TNF) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). These cytokines, together with secreted chemokines, stimulate inflammatory responses. Cytokine secretion by NK cells also influences adaptive immune responses by modulating the growth and differentiation of monocytes, dendritic cells ...
Chapter 2 Antigen
... The clones of lymphocyte that can recognize self-Ags will be destroyed or learn to tolerance to self Ags (forbidden clones) at the early stage of their development---clone deletion The clones of lymphocytes that can be interacted with corresponding Ag (by Ag receptors ) can be selected and induc ...
... The clones of lymphocyte that can recognize self-Ags will be destroyed or learn to tolerance to self Ags (forbidden clones) at the early stage of their development---clone deletion The clones of lymphocytes that can be interacted with corresponding Ag (by Ag receptors ) can be selected and induc ...
Document
... • Immune System and Antibodies – Antigens are foreign substances that stimulate an immune response • Whole bacteria, fungi, and viruses • Proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates – Immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies • Called antibody-mediated immunity • B cells, with the help of T ...
... • Immune System and Antibodies – Antigens are foreign substances that stimulate an immune response • Whole bacteria, fungi, and viruses • Proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates – Immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies • Called antibody-mediated immunity • B cells, with the help of T ...
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and primitive multicellular organisms.The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.↑ ↑ ↑