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Cannabinoid Signaling and Lipid Rafts
... synthesis is influenced by lipid rafts. The plasma membrane is a highly disordered phospholipid by-layer that consists of compartmentalized microdomains. These microdomains that are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, and arachidonic acid are referred to as lipid rafts. Rafts can be conceived as ...
... synthesis is influenced by lipid rafts. The plasma membrane is a highly disordered phospholipid by-layer that consists of compartmentalized microdomains. These microdomains that are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, and arachidonic acid are referred to as lipid rafts. Rafts can be conceived as ...
Cell Structure and Function
... The lysosome is an example of an organelle made at the Golgi apparatus. « Golgi packages digestive enzymes in a vesicle. The vesicle remains in the cell and: ² Digests unwanted or damaged cell parts ² Merges with food vacuoles and digest the contents Tay-Sachs disease occurs when the lysosome is mis ...
... The lysosome is an example of an organelle made at the Golgi apparatus. « Golgi packages digestive enzymes in a vesicle. The vesicle remains in the cell and: ² Digests unwanted or damaged cell parts ² Merges with food vacuoles and digest the contents Tay-Sachs disease occurs when the lysosome is mis ...
lecture 5
... studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm. Here, proteins are synthesized and enter the ER interior, where processing and modifi cation begin . Some of these proteins are incorporated into membrane, and some are for export. 2- Smooth ER, continuous with rough ER, do ...
... studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm. Here, proteins are synthesized and enter the ER interior, where processing and modifi cation begin . Some of these proteins are incorporated into membrane, and some are for export. 2- Smooth ER, continuous with rough ER, do ...
Unit #3 - The Cell
... • The membrane potential allows cells to function like tiny batteries with a positive and negative pole. • It is an important feature of a living cell’s normal function. ...
... • The membrane potential allows cells to function like tiny batteries with a positive and negative pole. • It is an important feature of a living cell’s normal function. ...
Membranes and Cell Transport
... o Anchoring Junctions - Attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the matrix surrounding the cell, or to the cytoskeleton of an adjacent cell. o Communicating (Gap) Junctions - Link the cytoplasms of 2 cells together, permitting the controlled passage of small molecules or ions between them. ...
... o Anchoring Junctions - Attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the matrix surrounding the cell, or to the cytoskeleton of an adjacent cell. o Communicating (Gap) Junctions - Link the cytoplasms of 2 cells together, permitting the controlled passage of small molecules or ions between them. ...
Active Transport
... The molecules move from an area of [high] to [low]. EXAMPLES of molecules that easily cross cell membranes by simple diffusion are: oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohols, fatty acids, glycerol, and urea. ...
... The molecules move from an area of [high] to [low]. EXAMPLES of molecules that easily cross cell membranes by simple diffusion are: oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohols, fatty acids, glycerol, and urea. ...
Cell membrane
... Cytoskeleton (including cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells) ◦ Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission of signals from exterior of cell to interior. ...
... Cytoskeleton (including cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells) ◦ Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission of signals from exterior of cell to interior. ...
hapter: Membrane Structure and Function You must know: 1. Why
... 2. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is osmosis. A cell has one of three water relationships with the environment around it. a. In an isotonic solution there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Water crosses the membrane, but at the same rate in ...
... 2. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is osmosis. A cell has one of three water relationships with the environment around it. a. In an isotonic solution there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Water crosses the membrane, but at the same rate in ...
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 2013
... • Located in Centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus • Center of microtubule formation • Contains pair of centriole • Each with nine triplets of ...
... • Located in Centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus • Center of microtubule formation • Contains pair of centriole • Each with nine triplets of ...
BI211StudyObjectivesChapters6
... 1. Summarize the relationship between cell organization and homeostasis 2. Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and contrast plant and animal cells 3. Describe functions of cell membranes 4. Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus 5. Disti ...
... 1. Summarize the relationship between cell organization and homeostasis 2. Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and contrast plant and animal cells 3. Describe functions of cell membranes 4. Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus 5. Disti ...
MB207_10 - MB207Jan2010
... → Long-chain fatty acids have higher transition temperatures than shorterchain fatty acids. Membranes enriched in long-chain fatty acids tends to be less fluid. → Membranes containing many unsaturated fatty acids tend to have lower transition temperatures and thus more fluid than membranes with many ...
... → Long-chain fatty acids have higher transition temperatures than shorterchain fatty acids. Membranes enriched in long-chain fatty acids tends to be less fluid. → Membranes containing many unsaturated fatty acids tend to have lower transition temperatures and thus more fluid than membranes with many ...
3 Movement of substances across cell membrane 3.1 Cell membrane
... Active transport (主動轉運) is the transport of substances across the cell membrane (38) ______________ a concentration gradient. It involves (39) ______________ proteins. Only substances that fit the (40) _____________ of the carrier proteins can be transported by active transport. It is an (41) ______ ...
... Active transport (主動轉運) is the transport of substances across the cell membrane (38) ______________ a concentration gradient. It involves (39) ______________ proteins. Only substances that fit the (40) _____________ of the carrier proteins can be transported by active transport. It is an (41) ______ ...
Membranes
... Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid Derived from C20:4 fatty acid, eicos = 20 act at very low concentrations Act paracrine, on neighboring cells evoke pain, fever, blood pressure released by phospholipase A2 inhibited by aspirin ...
... Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid Derived from C20:4 fatty acid, eicos = 20 act at very low concentrations Act paracrine, on neighboring cells evoke pain, fever, blood pressure released by phospholipase A2 inhibited by aspirin ...
Membrane structure, I
... Is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings exhibits selective permeability ...
... Is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings exhibits selective permeability ...
Cell Boundaries
... • It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and ...
... • It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and ...
Cell Structure and Function
... • Cell’s “garbage disposal” containing very reactive enzymes • Used by immune system cells (macrophages) to capture and process pathogens ...
... • Cell’s “garbage disposal” containing very reactive enzymes • Used by immune system cells (macrophages) to capture and process pathogens ...
Crossing Membranes – Passive Processes
... • Molecules move randomly and bump into other molecules. • So particles have a tendency to spread out evenly to fill the space available. • The particles are moving from an initial area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration, so they are moving down a concentration gradient. ...
... • Molecules move randomly and bump into other molecules. • So particles have a tendency to spread out evenly to fill the space available. • The particles are moving from an initial area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration, so they are moving down a concentration gradient. ...
Cell boundaries
... 2 of the ways this energy is used are: 1 – Small molecules are “pumped” across a membrane by transport proteins 2 – Larger molecules are moved across the membrane using endocytosis and exocytosis ...
... 2 of the ways this energy is used are: 1 – Small molecules are “pumped” across a membrane by transport proteins 2 – Larger molecules are moved across the membrane using endocytosis and exocytosis ...
7_3bio
... • Particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, a process known as diffusion • When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium ...
... • Particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, a process known as diffusion • When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium ...
H ions
... membrane or cristae of the mitochondrion where a series of Cytochromes and Coenzymes act as carrier molecules and transfer electrons.They accept high-energy electrons (NADH,FADH formed in Krebs cycle), then pass these electrons to the next molecule in the system. Electrons lose energy as they pass d ...
... membrane or cristae of the mitochondrion where a series of Cytochromes and Coenzymes act as carrier molecules and transfer electrons.They accept high-energy electrons (NADH,FADH formed in Krebs cycle), then pass these electrons to the next molecule in the system. Electrons lose energy as they pass d ...
Cell Boundaries - Duplin County Schools
... • As water diffuses toward the hypertonic side of a membrane, this produces OSMOTIC PRESSURE acting on the hypertonic side of the membrane • Cells have salts, sugars, proteins, and other solutes dissolved in the cytoplasm, making the inside of cells hypertonic to fresh/distilled water; if not checke ...
... • As water diffuses toward the hypertonic side of a membrane, this produces OSMOTIC PRESSURE acting on the hypertonic side of the membrane • Cells have salts, sugars, proteins, and other solutes dissolved in the cytoplasm, making the inside of cells hypertonic to fresh/distilled water; if not checke ...
Lipid bylayers and Membranes
... allows a proton from outside to bind to pump protein • (B) Proton binding alters the shape of the protein to allow the molecule [S] to bind ...
... allows a proton from outside to bind to pump protein • (B) Proton binding alters the shape of the protein to allow the molecule [S] to bind ...
Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function 5.1 Membrane Models
... 1. The plasma membrane is differentially permeable; only certain molecules can pass through freely. 2. A permeable membrane allows all molecules to pass through; an impermeable membrane allows no molecules to pass through; a semipermeable membraneallows some molecule to pass through. a. Small non-ch ...
... 1. The plasma membrane is differentially permeable; only certain molecules can pass through freely. 2. A permeable membrane allows all molecules to pass through; an impermeable membrane allows no molecules to pass through; a semipermeable membraneallows some molecule to pass through. a. Small non-ch ...
Lipid bilayer
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif?width=300)
The lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role because, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps.Biological bilayers are usually composed of amphiphilic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains. Phospholipids with certain head groups can alter the surface chemistry of a bilayer and can, for example, serve as signals as well as ""anchors"" for other molecules in the membranes of cells. Just like the heads, the tails of lipids can also affect membrane properties, for instance by determining the phase of the bilayer. The bilayer can adopt a solid gel phase state at lower temperatures but undergo phase transition to a fluid state at higher temperatures, and the chemical properties of the lipids' tails influence at which temperature this happens. The packing of lipids within the bilayer also affects its mechanical properties, including its resistance to stretching and bending. Many of these properties have been studied with the use of artificial ""model"" bilayers produced in a lab. Vesicles made by model bilayers have also been used clinically to deliver drugs.Biological membranes typically include several types of molecules other than phospholipids. A particularly important example in animal cells is cholesterol, which helps strengthen the bilayer and decrease its permeability. Cholesterol also helps regulate the activity of certain integral membrane proteins. Integral membrane proteins function when incorporated into a lipid bilayer, and they are held tightly to lipid bilayer with the help of an annular lipid shell. Because bilayers define the boundaries of the cell and its compartments, these membrane proteins are involved in many intra- and inter-cellular signaling processes. Certain kinds of membrane proteins are involved in the process of fusing two bilayers together. This fusion allows the joining of two distinct structures as in the fertilization of an egg by sperm or the entry of a virus into a cell. Because lipid bilayers are quite fragile and invisible in a traditional microscope, they are a challenge to study. Experiments on bilayers often require advanced techniques like electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.